The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints :: Mormon Church

Many people have varying ideas about The Church of Jesus saviour of Latter Day Saints. It has been said that the Mormons ar a cult out to destroy the beliefs of the other Christian churches. Some believe that they are not a true Christian church, that they hide their beliefs from investigators of their religion, and they sustentation important details of their religion secret until after you have become a member. It is also said that they are not Christian because they use The have got of Mormon instead of the Bible. Cults that are formed today do not believe in Jesus Christ as the savior. Christian churches are the altogether ones that claim Jesus to be the savior. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was founded around 1850. If a cult had any intentions to undermine the beliefs of other religions, steer people to kill themselves or others, and turn people away from Christianity, they would not wait more than 150 years to do so.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints does not hide its beliefs. They have no problem explaining their beliefs and scriptures to other people. They send Missionaries around the world to teach people about the train views of the church. The Temple ordinances are hidden because they are sacred and meant to be for only special instances. All of the members must follow the laws of the church to be found good to participate. Mormons do not know anything about them until they attend for the first time. The Book of Mormon is not a replacement Bible to the Mormons. It goes along with the Bible and systematically concedes many things found in the Bible. In the Bible a latter day prophet is discussed and it is said that he will restore the true and make up church. Joseph Smith, who translated ancient scrolls with a third grade education, was this latter day prophet. He received inspiration from God that the true church Jesus created was no nightlong on Earth. After translating the scrolls, he began teaching and fi nding new members to help him restore the true church to the Earth.

Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs Essay -- Media Stereotyp

Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the fight on DrugsThe West has constantly been fighting the use of extrajudicial drugs for decades by Propaganda. Propaganda is a form of manipulative communication designed to elicit some predetermined response (Inge, 1981, 322). Governments have been using many propagandistic methods to burn the consumption of illegal drugs such as marginalization or creating stereotypes. By creating a certain stereotype for the drug users and dealers, governments believe that people would try to annul drugs so they wont fit the stereotype. Extensive researche has been performed on this issue and there was no support that this propaganda tactic made a significant disparity in the use of illegal drugs.To understand the reason behind the anti-drug movement and the development of stereotypes, one should know the history of the prohibition of certain drugs. One of the eldest drugs that were prohibited was Opium. This was due to the large amount of Chinese immigrants which suck ind opium. Powerful labor unions such as the American Federation of labor feared competition from Chinese laborers who were sooner hard working and generally willing to work for lower wages. Labor Leaders vilified the Chinese as opium-crazed fiends who preyed sexually upon young white girls (Preston, 2001). Since then individuals who consume opiates carried the stereotype of being rapists and evil-doers. In the early twentieth century, minority groups such as African-Americans and Mexican-Americans consumed marijuana. One of the main reasons marijuana was prohibited was to drive Mexican-Americans out of the linked States and back to Mexico (Blum, 1997).To create prejudice against Mexican-Americans, a stereotype was formed which... ...ertysoft.com/liberty/reviews/60bradford.html, consulted on March 30th, 2004.FITZPATRICK, Michael (2001). The Lessons of the Drugs struggle, Spiked,. Online at , consulted on March 30th, 2004.INCIARDI, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, Aids, and Public Policy. Toronto Mayfield Publishing Company.INGE, M. Thomas (1981). A Handbook of American Popular Culture, Vol.3. Connecticut Greenwood Press. MacCOUN, Robert J. and Reuter, Peter (2001). Drug War Heresies. Cambridge University Press.PRESTON, Keith (2001). The Political Economy of the War on Drugs, Free Republic,. Online at , March 30th, 2004.SOLOMON, David (1968). The Marihuana Papers, 4th Ed. The New American Library, Inc.

Benjamin H. Latrobe :: essays research papers fc

Benjamin H. Latrobe was born in 1764 in Fulneck, England. He was raised in England. As a young man Latrobe was taught at the Morvian school in Fulneck. This was where Latrobe received a base for his advance education. After Morvian, he transferred to Nieski school in Germany. There he received an impressive education. Which was composed of a large-minded curriculum. He was taught in every(prenominal) the liberal arts and as well as classical and modern languages. Latrobe started his career training under Englands most renowned engineer of the twenty-four hour period John Smeaton. Under Smeatons teachings Latrobe gained a strong grasp of technical and theoretical English civil engineering and meticulous draughtsmanship (Carter 1981, 1-2). Latrobes interests in engineering soon guide him to develop an interest in architecture. Latrobe decided to pursue his interest in architecture. He decided to work with S.R. Cockrell and become his apprentice. While Latrobe worked along with C ockrell he gained further experience and rapid advancement in architecture. Latrobe did many side jobs designing public works where he also gained experience and individuality. During Latrobes partnership with Cockrell he also met other renowned architects of the time. Two of which were Gorge Dance and John Soane. Both of these architects were very influential to Latrobes own work. In fact, all three architects were very influential. They all helped mold and create Latrobes architectural look. During this advancing time period in architecture there were mainly three distinct styles of architecture. The first style was honest-to-goodness school. This style was strict Palladianism which was inspired by Palladio himself. The second school was Roman in origin and had a mess of functional space and had a lot of decorative detail. Latrobe found both these styles to be over rich and also to elaborate in detail. Latrobe found the Third school to be the most attractive. This style was som etimes called the "Plain Style," which was characterized by simplicity, geometric power and rationalism. With all these great teachers and mentors. Latrobe was able to develop his own style which would start a new establish of architecture and create the Greek revival (Carter 1981, 12). &9Latrobe decided to move to the United States. With him be brought his architectural gift and curiosity. He was very implicated in the US and he studied its history, its legends, the dress and manners of its people, and of course its architecture. Geological formations, waterfalls, the courses of rivers, and the nature of the soil and terrain were all carefully observed.

The Rime Of The Ancient Marine :: essays research papers

The Rime of the Ancient MarinerThe Mariner is not in the hold of a merciful perfection because his harassment ever returns. He asks for forgiveness of his agony but still after he split ups his tale the agony returns at random times. A merciful God would grant permanent mercy. For all, the Mariner has been through death and hardship of his crew because of the killing of the albatross. The thought of his crime is enough agony but the Mariners agony returns until he has to relive the tragedy of the killing of his crew by telling his tale to another person.The fact that the agony always returns is particularly horrible about the Mariners punishment because no matter how hard he tries or how much he prays his sin is carried along within him. The perturb of his sin goes away right after he tells his tale but it returns shortly afterwards. The Mariner says that, after telling the Hermit his story, Since then, at an uncertain minute of arc that agony returns. Since the first time t he Mariner confessed his crime to the Hermit at an inconsistent hour God reminds the Mariner of the sin he has committed by piercing his heart with agonizing injure. He tells the Wedding Guest that, until he tells his story, The heart within me burns. This is Gods way of expressing his anger to the Mariner for the curse he regularize on his crew when he killed the Albatross. God makes sure that the Mariner has and will fell agony, that the agony will always return, and that the agony will return at an unsure hour each day which causes the Mariner to relive his tale and to live in agony for the rest of his life. The Mariner is granted relief from his agony by telling his tale which releases his agony for a short while. The Mariner is telling the Wedding Guest why he must continue to tell his tale, Which forced me to begin my tale And then it left me free. God has granted him the power to tell his tale which sets him free for a short while. Maybe God is merciful for letting him tell his tale but his agony always returns. He cant enjoy his little time of freedom because he is uncertain when the pain will return again. The Mariner travels, looking for the right person to tell his tale to, the face which relieves his agony and lets him feel free.

Teaching Computer Ethics in the Classroom :: essays research papers

Teaching Computer Ethics in the schoolroomThe information processing system is considered one of the most(prenominal) technological advances of the twentieth century. As the superior general public becomes increasingly computer literate, the gap between technology and peoples intellect nonably shrinks. The readily available computers, software, and assorted output devices have enlightened many an(prenominal) but, in turn, have increased the using of computers for unethical activities, privacy invasion and ill-gotten purposes. Legal sanctions against abusive use of computers are a reactive approach. A proactive approach is to teach students about computer ethics in classrooms. An utile teaching method are the presentation of ethical scenarios. It is anticipated that with this method, students will personalize the need for developing ethical standards of behavior. The ultimate goal is for students, if necessary, to revision their set of personal beliefs to include ethics.INTR ODUCTIONThe computer is considered one of the most important technological advances of the twentieth century. Security and privacy issues have been in mankind long before the computer became a vital component of organizations operations. Nevertheless, the operating(a) features of a computer make it a double-edged sword. Computer technologies with reliable erroneousness detection and recording capabilities, permit the invasion of a supposedly check environment to occur on a grand scale and go undetected. Furthermore, computer and communications technology permit the invasion of a persons privacy and withal go undetected. Two forces threaten privacy one, the growth of information technology with its compound capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage and retrieval and two, the more insidious threat, the increased honor of information in decision making. Information has become more vital in the competitive environment, thus, decision makers covet it counterbal ance if it violates anothers privacy. Violation of ones personal privacy, via computers, may in part be due to the incomplete understanding of responsibility on the part of those involved. Is it a management or a technical patronage?Ethical standards that evolved over the history of Western civilization deal with interpersonal traffichips. What is dependable or wrong? What one should do and not do when transaction with other people. Ethical behavior in a business environment has not been as clearly defined. When businesses were small and the property of a few individuals, traditionalistic ethical standards were applied to meet different situations. However, as businesses became larger, the interpersonal ethical relations did not provide any clear behavioral guidelines. Likewise, the principles of ethical relationships were even less pertinent to the corporate environments.Teaching Computer Ethics in the Classroom essays research papersTeaching Computer Ethics in the Classroo mThe computer is considered one of the most technological advances of the twentieth century. As the general public becomes increasingly computer literate, the gap between technology and peoples intellect notably shrinks. The readily available computers, software, and assorted output devices have enlightened many but, in turn, have increased the using of computers for unethical activities, privacy invasion and illegal purposes. Legal sanctions against abusive use of computers are a reactive approach. A proactive approach is to teach students about computer ethics in classrooms. An effective teaching method are the presentation of ethical scenarios. It is anticipated that through this method, students will personalize the need for developing ethical standards of behavior. The ultimate goal is for students, if necessary, to change their set of personal beliefs to include ethics.INTRODUCTIONThe computer is considered one of the most important technological advances of the twentieth cent ury. Security and privacy issues have been in existence long before the computer became a vital component of organizations operations. Nevertheless, the operating features of a computer make it a double-edged sword. Computer technologies with reliable error detection and recording capabilities, permit the invasion of a supposedly secure environment to occur on a grand scale and go undetected. Furthermore, computer and communications technology permit the invasion of a persons privacy and likewise go undetected. Two forces threaten privacy one, the growth of information technology with its enhanced capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage and retrieval and two, the more insidious threat, the increased value of information in decision making. Information has become more vital in the competitive environment, thus, decision makers covet it even if it violates anothers privacy. Violation of ones personal privacy, via computers, may in part be due to the incomplete u nderstanding of responsibility on the part of those involved. Is it a management or a technical concern?Ethical standards that evolved over the history of Western civilization deal with interpersonal relationships. What is right or wrong? What one should do and not do when dealing with other people. Ethical behavior in a business environment has not been as clearly defined. When businesses were small and the property of a few individuals, traditional ethical standards were applied to meet different situations. However, as businesses became larger, the interpersonal ethical relations did not provide any clear behavioral guidelines. Likewise, the principles of ethical relationships were even less pertinent to the corporate environments.

Teaching Computer Ethics in the Classroom :: essays research papers

Teaching Computer Ethics in the ClassroomThe computer is considered unrivalled of the most technological advances of the twentieth century. As the general public becomes increasingly computer literate, the gap between engineering and peoples cause notably shrinks. The readily available computers, software, and assorted output devices have beginner many but, in turn, have increase the using of computers for un honest activities, loneliness attack and illegal purposes. Legal sanctions against abusive use of computers are a excited approach. A proactive approach is to teach students about computer ethics in classrooms. An effective teaching method are the presentation of estimable scenarios. It is evaluate that through this method, students will ad hominemize the need for developing ethical standards of behavior. The ultimate death is for students, if necessary, to change their set of personal beliefs to include ethics.INTRODUCTIONThe computer is considered one of the most imp ortant technological advances of the twentieth century. Security and privacy issues have been in existence long before the computer became a live component part of organizations operations. Nevertheless, the operating features of a computer make it a double-edged sword. Computer technologies with steady-going error detection and recording capabilities, permit the invasion of a purportedly secure environment to occur on a grand scale and go undetected. Furthermore, computer and communications technology permit the invasion of a persons privacy and likewise go undetected. Two forces threaten privacy one, the growth of information technology with its enhanced capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage and retrieval and two, the more insidious threat, the increased value of information in decision making. Information has become more vital in the competitive environment, thus, decision makers covet it even if it violates anothers privacy. Violation of ones person al privacy, via computers, may in part be due to the incomplete understanding of duty on the part of those involved. Is it a management or a adept concern?Ethical standards that evolved over the history of Western civilization deal with social relationships. What is right or wrong? What one should do and not do when dealing with other people. Ethical behavior in a business environment has not been as clearly defined. When businesses were small and the property of a some individuals, traditional ethical standards were applied to meet different situations. However, as businesses became larger, the interpersonal ethical relations did not provide any clear behavioral guidelines. Likewise, the principles of ethical relationships were even less pertinent to the corporate environments.Teaching Computer Ethics in the Classroom essays research papersTeaching Computer Ethics in the ClassroomThe computer is considered one of the most technological advances of the twentieth century. As th e general public becomes increasingly computer literate, the gap between technology and peoples intellect notably shrinks. The readily available computers, software, and assorted output devices have enlightened many but, in turn, have increased the using of computers for unethical activities, privacy invasion and illegal purposes. Legal sanctions against abusive use of computers are a reactive approach. A proactive approach is to teach students about computer ethics in classrooms. An effective teaching method are the presentation of ethical scenarios. It is anticipated that through this method, students will personalize the need for developing ethical standards of behavior. The ultimate goal is for students, if necessary, to change their set of personal beliefs to include ethics.INTRODUCTIONThe computer is considered one of the most important technological advances of the twentieth century. Security and privacy issues have been in existence long before the computer became a vital co mponent of organizations operations. Nevertheless, the operating features of a computer make it a double-edged sword. Computer technologies with reliable error detection and recording capabilities, permit the invasion of a supposedly secure environment to occur on a grand scale and go undetected. Furthermore, computer and communications technology permit the invasion of a persons privacy and likewise go undetected. Two forces threaten privacy one, the growth of information technology with its enhanced capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage and retrieval and two, the more insidious threat, the increased value of information in decision making. Information has become more vital in the competitive environment, thus, decision makers covet it even if it violates anothers privacy. Violation of ones personal privacy, via computers, may in part be due to the incomplete understanding of responsibility on the part of those involved. Is it a management or a technical co ncern?Ethical standards that evolved over the history of Western civilization deal with interpersonal relationships. What is right or wrong? What one should do and not do when dealing with other people. Ethical behavior in a business environment has not been as clearly defined. When businesses were small and the property of a few individuals, traditional ethical standards were applied to meet different situations. However, as businesses became larger, the interpersonal ethical relations did not provide any clear behavioral guidelines. Likewise, the principles of ethical relationships were even less pertinent to the corporate environments.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Introduction In the field of management, do employees is a very authorized issue that managers have to consider. Research has shown in many cases that companies with stir upd and live up to employees are much efficient and productive. Considering the goal of the company, this potentiometer lead to higher mesh bestow and moreover to a peachy internal corporate culture. How ass managers accomplish this task? Is it effective using Maslows surmisal to motivate employees? This paper give analyze why managers should not follow Maslows supposition of needs in order to motivate employees.To prove this disputation, the get around volition focus on the model of Maslows hierarchy of needs, after giving a brief description of indigence. In addition the paper will examine how, consort to Maslow, managers foot converge these needs in a company. what is more the weaknesses are pointed out, also with the help of research studies. At the end, Alderfers ERG hypothesis is com pared to Maslows hypothesis , as he reshaped the hierarchy of needs, which will provide a better understanding of Maslows theory and especially of the weaknesses.Although Maslows theory is often used to represent the concept of motivation, it is not a reliable theory when utilizing it in practice. 2. Motivation In the context of Psychology motivation preserve be described as processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robbins 2007 186). Many managers who do not see motivation in their employees tend to restrict them as lazy. However motivation is not a personal trait, and therefore can always be taught.This concludes that ane should not deal with the question whether psyche is motivated, instead one should fancy out what is causing the motivation or lack of motivation (Robbins 2007 186) In the 1950s more or less of the first need theories that exempt how work-related behavior can be impelled by satisfyi ng needs, were formulated (Furnham 1992 128). 3. Maslows pecking order of necessarily The need hierarchy which is also associated with a benefit , is divided into five levels which represent five basic needs. Maslow assumed that an individual had five needs which are activated in a hierarchical order.It was establish on the prepotency of needs, meaning that a need emerged as a motivator as soon as a lower-need was satisfied (Heylighen 1992 40) 3. 1 Model * physiological Needs food, water , air , shelter * Safety Needs bail, stability, protection * get laid and Belongingness Needs relationships, friends, family, socializing * vanity Needs achievement, reputation, independence, prestige * Self-actualization Needs go everything one is capable of becoming (Maslow 1970 39-46) Counter argument Maslows theory claims that all needs are not equal.In general, one might approve this statement as in many cases lower order needs take priority over higher order needs. However, in cer tain situations e. g escaping danger, thirst might be unimportant (Kalat 2008 377). Therefore the hierarchical model does not provide an accurate picture of reality and does not consider these exceptions. 3. 2 screening on Management As Maslow claims, that once a need is satisfied, it does not serve as a motivator anymore, managers for exercise cannot only pay their employees more money, as this need will eventually be satisfied and no longer be a motivator.Instead they have to find other ways to satisfy the different needs (Robbins 187) In the context of an organization (Sadri 2011 45-48) * Physiological Needs salaries, wages, bonuses * Safety Needs health insurances, retirement plans * Love and Belongingness Needs teamwork, company festivals, clubs * Self-esteem Needs recognition, praise, competitions, promotions * Self-actualization Needs- tution reimbursement programs Counter argument Maslow argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. (Robbins 2007 187).However, du e to the fact that motivation is driven by the situation (Robbins 2007 186) , for an employee who has reached self-esteem, affair security can become a motivator again, in condemnations of a financial crisis. 3. 3 Weaknesses * Motivation does not change only in spite of appearance an individual due to different situations, but also among all individuals (Robbins 2007 186). Therefore managers have to know how to motivate each employee in an effective way according to Maslow. This is a big challenge, and unlikely to occur when implementing in reality. Another criticism of the theory itself is the aspect of culture. In countries like Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where disbelief avoidance characteristics are strong, security needs would be on carousel of the need hierarchy (Robbins 2007 212). This shows that the theory can only be applied to the American culture, where self-actualization is the goal of most individuals. * From 1966 to 1973, there have been many studies, which teste d Maslows theory, however these results were not supportive of Maslows need structure (Wahba,Bridwell 1976) (Berl, Williamson & Powell 1984 34). 4. ERG systemClayton Alderfer, an american psychologist reworked Maslows hierarchy of needs and genuine a theory called ERG Theory (Robbins 2007 188) 4. 1 Comparison to Maslows Theory In comparison to Maslow, Alderfer distinguishes between three categories (Weihrich 2010 331). * initiation Needs * Relatedness Needs * ontogeny Needs Alderfer criticised the hierarchic order, giving two reasons. * Firstly ,through the hierarchic order only one need can be satisfied at a time. Alderfer referred to this point in his theory, and affirmed that more than one need may be activated at a time (Kreitner 2007 238).For example, an employee might go to work in order to afford a place to live, but also because he or she is motivated due to the good relationships with coworkers or managers (Weihrich 2010 331-332). * On top of that Maslow justified his hierarchic order with the belief that people tend to satisfy their needs domineeringally (Cole 2004 36). However Alderfer argued that a systematic movement up the hierarchy does not seem to be a consistent form of behavior for many people (Cole 2004 36). 5. ConclusionThe examination of Maslows theory and the comparison to Alderfers theory lead to the conclusion that on one side, it is true that individuals have different needs and that they relate to work behavior, but unluckily the hierarchic structure does not appropriately reflect reality. On top of that, it is impossible for managers to find out what need is dominating each employee, as it can change due to situations. Furthermore ,due to the aspect of culture you cannot place a specific need at the top.As the weaknesses supported by the research, prove that the model does not work out in practice, it can be concluded that it is not advisable for managers to follow Maslows hierarchy of needs in order to motivate employees. Bi bliography Berl,R. L, Williamson, N. C. , Powell,T. (1984) Industrial Salesforce Motivation A Critique and Test of Maslows Hierarchy of Need. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 4(1), 33-39. Retrieved 26/04/2012 from EBSCO Cole, G. A. (2004) Management Theory and Practice. (6th edition) capital of the United Kingdom Geraldine Lyons. Retrieved 20/04/2012 from http//books. oogle. de/books? id=HQhvAnb4TgMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=management+theory+and+practice+cole&hl=de&sa=X&ei=IQ6XT7fCGIrNtAbqhommDg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=management%20theory%20and%20practice%20cole&f=false Furnham, A. (1992) ,Personality At Work The Role of soulfulness Differences In The Workplace. London Routledge. Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http//books. google. de/books? id=v_hPuMqN_d0C&pg=PA128&dq=need+theories&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i6WT42SEIfVsgbM8aicDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=need%20theories&f=false Heylighen, F. 1992). A Cognitive Systematic Reconstruction of Maslows Theory of Self-Actualization. Be havioral Science. 37, 39-57 Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http//pespmc1. vub. ac. be/Papers/Maslow. pdf Kalat,J. (2008) Introduction to Psychology. (9th edition) Wadsworth Cengage Learning Kreitner,R. , Kinicki A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour (7th edition ). freshly York McGraw-Hill Maslow, A. H (1970) Motivation and Personality. (2nd edition). New York Harper grade Publishers Sadri, G. , Bowen, R. C. (2011) Meeting employee requirements Maslows Hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide.Industrial engineer. 43 (10 ) ,44-48. Robbins, S. P, Judge,T. A. (2007) Organizational Behavior (12th edition) New Jersey Pearson Education Weihrich,H. , Cannice,M. v. , Koontz, H. (2010) Management A Global and Entrepreneurial Perspective. New Dheli Tata McGraw Hill Education. Retrieved 22/04/2012 from http//books. google. de/books? id=6vRX9w7ukhcCpg=PA331dq=alderfer+erg+theoryhl=desa=Xei=Hj-UT_a0EMvdsgbOstyiBAved=0CFwQ6AEwCAv=onepageq=alderfer%20erg%20theoryf=falseMaslows Hierarchy of Need s1. Introduction In the field of management, motivating employees is a very important issue that managers have to consider. Research has shown in many cases that companies with motivated and satisfied employees are more efficient and productive. Considering the goal of the company, this can lead to higher profits and moreover to a good internal corporate culture. How can managers accomplish this task? Is it effective using Maslows theory to motivate employees? This paper will analyze why managers should not follow Maslows theory of needs in order to motivate employees.To prove this statement, the expose will focus on the model of Maslows hierarchy of needs, after giving a brief description of motivation. In addition the paper will examine how, according to Maslow, managers can satisfy these needs in a company. Furthermore the weaknesses are pointed out, also with the help of research studies. At the end, Alderfers ERG Theory is compared to Maslows theory , as he reshaped the hierarc hy of needs, which will provide a better understanding of Maslows theory and especially of the weaknesses.Although Maslows theory is often used to illustrate the concept of motivation, it is not a reliable theory when utilizing it in practice. 2. Motivation In the context of Psychology motivation can be described as processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robbins 2007 186). Many managers who do not see motivation in their employees tend to characterize them as lazy. However motivation is not a personal trait, and therefore can always be taught.This concludes that one should not deal with the question whether someone is motivated, instead one should find out what is causing the motivation or lack of motivation (Robbins 2007 186) In the 1950s some of the first need theories that explain how work-related behavior can be driven by satisfying needs, were formulated (Furnham 1992 128). 3. Maslows Hierarchy of Need s The need hierarchy which is also associated with a pyramid , is divided into five levels which represent five basic needs. Maslow assumed that an individual had five needs which are activated in a hierarchical order.It was based on the prepotency of needs, meaning that a need emerged as a motivator as soon as a lower-need was satisfied (Heylighen 1992 40) 3. 1 Model * Physiological Needs food, water , air , shelter * Safety Needs security, stability, protection * Love and Belongingness Needs relationships, friends, family, socializing * Self-esteem Needs achievement, reputation, independence, prestige * Self-actualization Needs becoming everything one is capable of becoming (Maslow 1970 39-46) Counter argument Maslows theory claims that all needs are not equal.In general, one might approve this statement as in many cases lower order needs take priority over higher order needs. However, in certain situations e. g escaping danger, hunger might be unimportant (Kalat 2008 377). T herefore the hierarchical model does not provide an accurate picture of reality and does not consider these exceptions. 3. 2 Application on Management As Maslow claims, that once a need is satisfied, it does not serve as a motivator anymore, managers for example cannot only pay their employees more money, as this need will eventually be satisfied and no longer be a motivator.Instead they have to find other ways to satisfy the different needs (Robbins 187) In the context of an organization (Sadri 2011 45-48) * Physiological Needs salaries, wages, bonuses * Safety Needs health insurances, retirement plans * Love and Belongingness Needs teamwork, company festivals, clubs * Self-esteem Needs recognition, praise, competitions, promotions * Self-actualization Needs- tution reimbursement programs Counter argument Maslow argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. (Robbins 2007 187).However, due to the fact that motivation is driven by the situation (Robbins 2007 186) , for an e mployee who has reached self-esteem, job security can become a motivator again, in times of a financial crisis. 3. 3 Weaknesses * Motivation does not change only within an individual due to different situations, but also among all individuals (Robbins 2007 186). Therefore managers have to know how to motivate each employee in an effective way according to Maslow. This is a big challenge, and unlikely to occur when implementing in reality. Another criticism of the theory itself is the aspect of culture. In countries like Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty avoidance characteristics are strong, security needs would be on top of the need hierarchy (Robbins 2007 212). This shows that the theory can only be applied to the American culture, where self-actualization is the goal of most individuals. * From 1966 to 1973, there have been many studies, which tested Maslows theory, however these results were not supportive of Maslows need structure (Wahba,Bridwell 1976) (Berl, William son & Powell 1984 34). 4. ERG TheoryClayton Alderfer, an american psychologist reworked Maslows hierarchy of needs and developed a theory called ERG Theory (Robbins 2007 188) 4. 1 Comparison to Maslows Theory In comparison to Maslow, Alderfer distinguishes between three categories (Weihrich 2010 331). * Existence Needs * Relatedness Needs * Growth Needs Alderfer criticised the hierarchic order, giving two reasons. * Firstly ,through the hierarchic order only one need can be satisfied at a time. Alderfer referred to this point in his theory, and affirmed that more than one need may be activated at a time (Kreitner 2007 238).For example, an employee might go to work in order to afford a place to live, but also because he or she is motivated due to the good relationships with coworkers or managers (Weihrich 2010 331-332). * On top of that Maslow justified his hierarchic order with the belief that people tend to satisfy their needs systematically (Cole 2004 36). However Alderfer argue d that a systematic movement up the hierarchy does not seem to be a consistent form of behavior for many people (Cole 2004 36). 5. ConclusionThe examination of Maslows theory and the comparison to Alderfers theory lead to the conclusion that on one side, it is true that individuals have different needs and that they relate to work behavior, but unfortunately the hierarchic structure does not appropriately reflect reality. On top of that, it is impossible for managers to find out what need is dominating each employee, as it can change due to situations. Furthermore ,due to the aspect of culture you cannot place a specific need at the top.As the weaknesses supported by the research, prove that the model does not work out in practice, it can be concluded that it is not advisable for managers to follow Maslows hierarchy of needs in order to motivate employees. Bibliography Berl,R. L, Williamson, N. C. , Powell,T. (1984) Industrial Salesforce Motivation A Critique and Test of Maslows Hie rarchy of Need. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 4(1), 33-39. Retrieved 26/04/2012 from EBSCO Cole, G. A. (2004) Management Theory and Practice. (6th edition) London Geraldine Lyons. Retrieved 20/04/2012 from http//books. oogle. de/books? id=HQhvAnb4TgMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=management+theory+and+practice+cole&hl=de&sa=X&ei=IQ6XT7fCGIrNtAbqhommDg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=management%20theory%20and%20practice%20cole&f=false Furnham, A. (1992) ,Personality At Work The Role of Individual Differences In The Workplace. London Routledge. Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http//books. google. de/books? id=v_hPuMqN_d0C&pg=PA128&dq=need+theories&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i6WT42SEIfVsgbM8aicDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=need%20theories&f=false Heylighen, F. 1992). A Cognitive Systematic Reconstruction of Maslows Theory of Self-Actualization. Behavioral Science. 37, 39-57 Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http//pespmc1. vub. ac. be/Papers/Maslow. pdf Kalat,J. (2008) Introduction to Psychology. (9th ed ition) Wadsworth Cengage Learning Kreitner,R. , Kinicki A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour (7th edition ). New York McGraw-Hill Maslow, A. H (1970) Motivation and Personality. (2nd edition). New York Harper Row Publishers Sadri, G. , Bowen, R. C. (2011) Meeting employee requirements Maslows Hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide.Industrial engineer. 43 (10 ) ,44-48. Robbins, S. P, Judge,T. A. (2007) Organizational Behavior (12th edition) New Jersey Pearson Education Weihrich,H. , Cannice,M. v. , Koontz, H. (2010) Management A Global and Entrepreneurial Perspective. New Dheli Tata McGraw Hill Education. Retrieved 22/04/2012 from http//books. google. de/books? id=6vRX9w7ukhcCpg=PA331dq=alderfer+erg+theoryhl=desa=Xei=Hj-UT_a0EMvdsgbOstyiBAved=0CFwQ6AEwCAv=onepageq=alderfer%20erg%20theoryf=false

GSP

Previous report have shown that following an SE, reactive astrocytes become hypertrophic (increasing the expression of intermediate filament proteins), and develop longer and thicker processes (Robel et al., 2015),In this study, astrocytic reaction observed in the GSP or DZP treated CSE is moderate (Plate 4.13.5b), due to the fairly stabled morphology. This could probably be linked to a reduced excitotoxicity or attenuated ROS by GSP or DZP within the hippocampus attributable to GSP sermon especially. It therefore becomes a suggestive evidence from this study that astrocytic reaction in CSE treated with all GSP or DZP is an adaptive type of astriogliosis (a defensive reaction aiming to restore homeostasis).The functional and morphologic changes astrocytes undergo in the GSP or DZP brain and during CSE may have a dual nature based on the underlying pathophysiological characteristics. On the one hand, reactive astrogliosis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following toll to the nervous system and lead to the reduction in excitability (Vargas-Snchez et al., 2018). In this study, there was intensification of astrocytic proliferative in the CSE + NS at 7th day post CSE.This is in consonant with the findings of Gibbons et al. (2013) that in early stages of SE there is no marked intensification in astrocytic proliferation, while at later stages, there is a quick increase in the number of astrocytes. Although astrocytes have the capacity to proliferate just after an SE, the reported small number of new cells suggest that in models of SE reactive astrocytes are comprised mainly of the resident astrocytes present before the insult (Gibbons et al., 2013).ConclusionThe major consequential effects of CSE is on higher order behaviour, virtually especially on indices of learning and memory which is mainly controlled by the hippocampus. These effects of CSE stemmed from reduction in percentage body weight gain, attenuation in the relative hippocampal weight to the br ain, decreased spatial and object recognition memory.However, memory impairment observed in this study was attributed to alteration in the cholinergic neurotransmitters, change magnitude excitotoxicity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance which led to exacerbation of oxidative stress of the hippocampus, hippocampal atrophy and necrosis, astriogliosis, and generation of abnormal granule cells in the hillus of the dentate gyrus, All these dysfunction were significantly attenuated by GSP treatment, the effect that was better tolerated than that of a conventional anticonvulsant drug- DZP. It is therefore concluded that GSP can be used is a better agent in the treatment of CSE due to its attenuation in memory impairment and insignificant adverse effects.RecommendationThe principal goal of CSE treatment is the termination of seizure with little or no attendant on-toward side effects. It is evident from this study that apart from the fact that GSP (20 mg/kg or 10mg/kg) attenuated hippocamp al excitotoxicity and astriogliosis following CSE, it also posed no significant side effects on the indices of learning and memory. This study therefore recommends further experimental research on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities of GSP.

A good Citizen Essay

A computable citizen is one who properly fulfills his or her role as a citizen. There are umpteen opinions as to what constitutes a good citizen. Theodore Roosevelt said, The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight. genteelness is sometimes viewed as a prerequisite to good citizenship, in that it helps citizens make good decisions and deal with demagogues who would delude them. Human beings are used to living down the stairs laws and patterns that are dictated to us by society, but following those patterns does not make us good citizens. To be a good citizen first you stool to be a good person. By that I mean that you have to be full of values, principles, ethics, etc. When joining all these aspects together you will learn out that there is nothing else to be needed. One important aspect for being a good citizen is to help people.All around us, we can actualise there are always people in need for our he lp. Our job as good citizens is to help those kinds of people. When talking about the people that need our help, I am not only talking about the poor ones, but also the pregnant woman who cannot carry a heavy package or the old man that cannot cross the street. Remember that little actions make the difference. There are some traits of citizenship that should be always observed, the first trait of citizenship is to do your share. This scarcely involves taken part of things that could make the community better. To do your share you must be a volunteer help your school and community be better, water-washed and safer, protect the environment by conserving resources, reducing pollution and of course cleaning up after yourself, participate in making things better by give tongue to your opinion, voting, serving on committees, reporting wrong doings and paying taxes. The second trait of citizenship is adoreing authority and law.In order to observe that trait you must act by the rules- dont do good cop bad cop, always obey parents, teachers, coaches and others who have been given authority, observe just laws, honor and respect principles of democracy and most importantly always respect your pastoral and its national symbols. These traits are easy to follow, lots of people have become famous and do a good name of themselves in a community by observing the traits of citizenship and following by them. Two examples of good citizens are headsman Anthony Enahoro and Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli. Chief Anthony Enahoro played a vital role in bringing political independence toNigeria. As one of the countrys earliest prodemocracy activists, he travel the first motion for self-rule from Britain in 1953. Seven years later, his dream of Nigerian Independence became a reality.A politician, thinker, mentor, Enahoro was also Nigerias youngest editor ever. He gained this distinction in 1944 by becoming the Southern Nigerian Defenders editor at the age of 21. He later promoted the uni ty of his country during its 1967- 1970 civil war. Influential businesswoman Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli is the founder of LEAP Africa, a leadership, management and ethics training organisation dedicated to inspiring and empowering a new generation of African leaders. The nonprofit provides coaching services, along with awards and grants for youth, social entrepreneurs and business owners. Recognized as a Global Leader of tomorrow, Nwuneli is also the founder of NIA, a nonprofit organization committed to helping young women in Southeastern Nigeria achieve their full potential.These two leaders worked their way to the top and achieved their goal whilst being a good citizen and helping Nigeria become a better place. So be a good citizen and follow the traits, work your way to the top and achieve greatness and immortalise.. There are three periods in the life of a people or in the life of a country yesterday, today and tomorrow Tomorrow belongs to visionaries and idealists, without whom y ou cannot build a new society.- Chief Anthony Enahoro (1923-2010).-by Memma Uponi, 7 Sapphire

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 20

I didnt see Damon for the next few days. convey said he was giveing time at the camp, an mind that clearly remove him with no sm altogether amount of pleasure. father hoped that Damon spending time there would lead to him rejoining the army, even though I figured his hours would be spent mostly gambling and talking about women. I, for one, was glad. Of course, I missed my brother, moreover I would never be able to spend so a great serve uninterrupted, unquestioned time with Katherine if Damon was around.Truthfully, although I felt disloyal to say it, Father and I adapted well to Damon being gone. We began taking meals together, companionably playing hands of crib after dinner. Father would share his thoughts about the day, about the overseer, and about his plans to buy new horses from a farm in Kentucky. For the hundredth time, I realized how practically he wanted me to take over the nation, and for the first time, I felt excitement in that possibility.It was because of Kat herine. Id taken to spending each night in her chambers, go forth just before work began in the fields. She hadnt bared her fangs since that night in the woods. It was as if that secret meeting in the forest had changed e realthing. She needed me to keep her secret, and I needed her to keep me whole. In her small, dim bedroom, everything was passionate and perfectit almost felt as if we were newlyweds.Of course, I wondered how it would work, me growing older each year as Katherine stayed just as young and beautiful. But that was a question for later, after the fear of the vampire scourge was over, after we were engaged, after wed touch ontled into a life-time without hiding.I know youve been spending time with young Katherine, Father said one night at the dinner table, as Alfred cleared the table and brought Father his well-worn deck of cards for us to play.Y es. I watched as Alfred poured sherry into Fathers glass. In the flickering candlelight, the normally pink liquid looked l ike blood. He held the decanter to me, but I shook my head.So has young Damon, Father observed, taking the card deck in his thick fingers and slowly palming it from hand to hand.I sighed, fuddled that Damon had once again come into a conversation about Katherine. She needs a friend. Friends, I said.That she does. And Im glad that youve been able to provide her with companionship, Father said. He hardened the cards facedown on the table and glanced at me.Y know, I dont know very much about herou Atlanta relations. Id heard of her through one of my shipping partners. Very sad, a girl orphaned by my shipping partners. Very sad, a girl orphaned by Shermans battle, but there arent very mevery a nonher(prenominal) other Pierces that say they know of her.I shifted nervously. Pierce is a common enough name. And maybe she doesnt want to be affiliated with some of her relations. I took a deep breath. Im sure there are other Salvatores out there that we havent heard of.Theres a good point, Father said, taking a sip of his sherry. Salvatore isnt a common name, but its a good one. Which is why I hope you and Damon know what youre getting into.I looked up sharply.Fighting over the same girl, Father said manifestly. I wouldnt want you to lose your relationship. I know I dont always see eye to eye with your brother, but hes your flesh and blood.I cringed, the familiar phrase suddenly complicated. But if Father noticed, he didnt say anything. He picked up the deck and glanced at me expectantly. Shall we play? he asked, already beginning to deal six cards to me.I picked up my stack, but instead of looking at the cards, I glanced out of the corner of my eye, to see if I could spot any movement from the carriage house through the window.Alfred walked into the room. Sir, you have a guest.A guest? Father asked curiously, half standing up from the table. We rarely had guests come to the estate unless there was a party. Father always preferred meeting acquaintances in town or at the tavern.Please forgive my intrusion. Katherine walked in, her thin arms filled with a bouquet of flowers of all different shapes and sizesroses and hydrangeas and lilies of the valley. Emily and I were picking the flowers by the pond, and I thought you might appreciate some color. Katherine offered a small smile as Father stiffly held out his hand for her to shake. Hed barely had a four-word conversation with Katherine since shed arrived. I held my breath, as anxious as I would be if I were introducing Father to my betrothed.Thank you, Miss Pierce, Father said. And our house is your house. Please dont feel you need to ask permission to come visit. Wed love to have you, whenever you wish to spend time with us.Thank you. I wouldnt want to be an imposition, she said, batting her eyelashes in a way that was irresistible for any man.Please, have a seat, Father said, cave in down at the head of the table. My son and I were just preparing to play a hand of cards, but we can certainly put them away.Katherine eyed our game. pony My father and I always used to play. May I join you? She flashed a smile as she settled into my chair and picked up my hand. Instantly, she frowned and began rearranging the cards.How could she, when worried for her very existence, be so carefree and enchanting?Why, of course, Miss Pierce. If youd like to play, Id be honored, and Im sure my son would be happy to help you.Oh, I know how to play. She set a card in the center of the table.Good, Father said, putting his own card on top of hers. And, you know, I do worry about you and your maid, all alone in the carriage house. If you want to move to the main house, please, just let me know and your wish is my command. I thought that you would like some privacy, but with things as they are and all the danger Father trailed off.Katherine shook her head, a shadow of a frown crossing her face. Im not frightened. I lived through a lot in Atlanta, she said, placing an ace on the table faceup. Besi des, the servants quarters are so close, they would hear me if I screamed.As Father placed a sevensome of spades on the table, Katherine touched my knee, slowly brushing it with a feathery stroke. I flushed at the intimate contact when my father was so close, but I didnt want her to stop.Katherine placed a five of diamonds on the card pile. Thirteen. I think I may be on a lucky streak, Mr. Salvatore, she said, move her peg one spot on the cribbage board.Father broke into a delighted grin. Y oure quite a girl. Stefans never really mum the rules of this game.The door slammed, and Damon walked into the room, his rucksack over his shoulder. He shrugged it off onto the floor, and Alfred picked it up. Damon didnt seem to notice. Looks like Im missing all the fun, Damon said, his tone accusatory as his gaze flicked from Father digest to me.Y are, Father said simply. Then he actuallyou glanced up and smiled at him. Y oung Katherine here is proving that shes not only beautiful but that s he has brains, too. An intoxicatingly teasing combination, Father said, noticing that Katherine had racked up an additional point on the board when he wasnt looking.Thank you, Katherine said, deftly discarding and picking up a new card. Y oure making me blush. Although I do admit that I think your compliments are just an elaborate plan for distracting me so you can win, Katherine said, barely bothering to acknowledge Damon.I strode over to Damon. We stood together in the doorway, watching Katherine and Father.Damon crossed his arms over his chest. What is she doing here?Playing cards. I shrugged. Do you really think thats wise? Damon get down his voice. Given his opinions on her provenance.But dont you see? Its brilliant. Shes charming him. I havent heard him laugh so hard since Mother died. I felt suddenly mad with happiness. This was better than anything I could have planned. Instead of trying to come up with an elaborate plot to push Father off the vampire trail, Father would simply see that Katherine was human. That she still had emotions and wouldnt do any harm save for ruining his winning streak at cribbage.So what? Damon asked. Hes a madman on the hunt. A few smiles wont change that.Katherine erupted into giggles as Father put down a card. I lowered my voice. I think if we let him know about her, hed change his mind. Hed realize that she doesnt mean any harm.Are you crazy? Damon hissed, clenching my arm. His breath smelled like whiskey. If Father knew about Katherine, hed kill her in an instant How do you know hes not already planning something?Just then Katherine let out a peal of laughter. Father threw his head back, adding his hoarse laugh to hers. Damon and I fell tongueless as she glanced up from her cards. She found us with her eyes and winked. But since Damon and I were standing side by side, it was impossible to tell who it was meant for.