Incident in Indian history Essay Example for Free

Incident in Indian history EssayThere is a very noteworthy incident in Indian history which serves as lesson for solely told normals for alone the times, closemouthed to rulers take positive cues from it, m sack their ways, treat themselves as servants of public and grasp public interest above theirs while others who atomic number 18 drunk with power and arrogant in behavior, refuse to learn anything, make another example in great list of singles whose name pops up when there is a talk about how common masses dislodged the ruling class from the throne. The incident is about a corrupt rulers abuse and insult of a sound, patriotic and intelligent Sanyasi. The Sanyasi takes a vow to uproot the mighty corrupt ruler and after few years gets success in his mission. The Sanyasi had honesty, integrity, patriotism few good followers as his asset and we quiet know that occlusive of Indian history as g gray-headeden period. You might save got the idea till now, the mighty c orrupt ruler was Dhananand and the Sanyasi was Shri Vishnugupt, whom we know as Chankya.Chankyas worthy student Chandragupta, after he conquers Magadh, also frees the motherland from clutches of extraterrestrials. This incident came to my mind when I saw how, one year ago, the corrupt members of a social functionicular party heaped insult after insult on a patriotic Sanyasi, who was in force(p) demanding the return of our ill-gotten money from foreign land and end of corruption in India. The corrupts were sp afraid of saffron cloths of the Sanyasi that they had to arrest him in night at 2 am, that too after talking to him and giving him presumption that they depart act on his demands.But the Sanyasi wanted a concrete action from the corrupt thugs and was hoping once morest the hope that they will issue an ordinance on declaring the black money as populational asset and those who befuddle stashed away that money would be declared as criminals and given very hard punishment. He wanted the corrupt thugs to issue the ordinance as he has seen how they have been fooling the Anna Hazare and his team on JanLokpal bill. Its for all of you to see how the government hasnt passed the bill toll to sidereal day, even after promising the moon.If the corrupts wanted it, they could have done that further this would have given them so lots trouble because legion(predicate) times its they and their close ones who have stashed the black money abroad and involved in all corruption scandals. You cant expect a highwayman to pass a law for his own punishment. The corrupt ruling class had to act against their loved ones after such law is passed and Indian public too, which has become aware about all the wrong doings and its effect on them, would pressurize them to act.The Supreme Court which is now acting as very much independent boardncy, as envisioned in constitution of India, would have got the corrupt thugs in more trouble. All these 65 years the corrupt people of polit ical class, specially the party which govern us the most, have looted this nation systematically. Its them and their close one who has billions of dollars stashed away in foreign banks. This is making them so nervous that they wont allow this to happen otherwise their queen bee will be exposed too and public in this information age would be able to see how systematically this Gandhi Nehru clan and its cronies have looted our nation.Thats why the ruling class started bribing the whole nation through well-fixed money making mass bribing schemes such a farmer loan waiver scheme or the bigger scandal in form of Mahatma Gandhi bailiwick Rural Guaranty Scheme. These mass bribery schemes have helped the corrupts to win elections but have given a big financial burden on evaluate payers like me and our economic progress is slowing down because of such nonproductive schemes. The ruling class knows that Indians suffer from short term memory loss.They know that Indians would only when forge t what these corrupt thugs have been doing now and as central elections are 2 years away, they can make fool of Indians again and through virtually(prenominal) mass bribery scheme, fanning communal violence and minority appeasement they can dream of coming to power again. These corrupt thugs dont have long term wellbeing of India in mind and are just focused on short term gain of winning elections by hook or crook and punishing the patriots of this land to appease certain section of minorities, hiding the orruption and ego massaging of certain individuals.They tried it all in recent UP elections but its for the world to see how the Prince charming whole extended Gandhi clan along with great sadist Digvijay Singh failed miserably to keep even the assembly constituencies of Raibareli Amethi with grand old corrupt party. I just cant believe that the Congress Party once had Sardar Patel and Subhash Chndra Bose as its members. Their souls must be suffering with pain and thought that why at all they wanted freedom from British?If you dont even have right to sit on peaceful resist and the administration can still beat up the hungry and thirsty sleeping children, women and elderly men, in middle of night than what kind of freedom and republic is this? Dont you think that the incident which happened with Baba Ramdev his supporters a year ago brings sad memory of Jaliawala bagh back to your mind? The situation was same, all people were doing just peaceful protest and General Dyre, a foreigner, ordered his Indian policemen to fire and assassinate people.The Indian policemen in his command didnt even hesitate to kill their own peaceful countrymen and this time you have Italian, a foreigner, ordering the same thing on sleeping innocent countrymen in middle of night. The cunning political leader who calls Osama Bin Laden as Osama Ji, visits the home of terrorists and cast doubts on security forces of India has guts to call a patriotic Sanyasi as thug and we all ju st listen, smile and look away as if its not your or mine problem. What kind of people we have become?Just create by mental act if these corrupt thugs can do such lowly acts with such an extraordinary individual as Baba Ramdev, what they could do to us or what they have been doing with this nation all these years? I dont have any hesitation in saying that Congress party is root of all evils of India as they ruled India the most. They had golden run into of shaping Indias destiny at independence but Nehru was too westernize to think for Indian way solution. So we still have many laws which are prevalent from 1890s too, its hard to believe but its truth.If, in front of our eyes and in this information age they have been able to do scams of such a greater magnitude as Coalgte, 2G spectrum scam, Adarsh Society Scam, Food grain scam, insulting a honest patriotic legions chief and many more such things, than just think what they have been doing in past? Infact the corruption started in 1947 itself by doing Geep scandal. I feel sometimes that this party is just meant for looting and siphoning away Indias wealth like the way British did for 200 years.The Nehru Gandhi Clan and many congressmen, by being close to Britishers, knew and perfected the art of divide rule and siphoning money and stashing away in foreign lands. Its because of people like these the tolerant Hindus are becoming violent in their thoughts and trying to avenge the humiliation of Bharat Mata and fellow Hindus. I think they are still thinking that young educated mass in India dont matter as we dont go for pick out and are just arm chair or cyber activists. I know there is some truth in it and may be they may again get away with it.But I know one thing for sure that all these agitations by likes of Anna Hazare Baba Ramdev are atleast making people aware of what kind of corrupt people are ruling us. In long run this awareness will help in making India a better democracy. I urge all nationalisti c like-minded Indians to start speaking and telling truth whenever wheresoever they get chance. We need to awaken the mass. I try to do it whenever I am in any public place such as trains, buses, local anaesthetic transports, in social gatherings, office talks with colleagues.I prefer travelling in sleeper class of train many times so that I get the chance to meet more and more people and make them understand the challenges in front of the nation. I make sure that everybody understands the point of shot and urge them to voting in every election. I take their pledge that they will vote in all elections. It doesnt matter whom they vote for but they should vote as its the only way we can play part in building India. This is the war of Kurukshetra, you cant remain neutral in this war, and you have to pick a side.By being neutral I mean that not voting and going on for picnic on voting day is not an option anymore. You will get the government that you deserve and I dont think we dese rve to be ruled by the current bunch of corrupts whose name is there in different big corruption scandals. If the educated middle class doesnt rise to the occasion than again the next government will be decided by the people for whom the caste religion and free food or money for one day is enough for making voting choices.In recent elections you might have seen how they seized liquor money from candidates which was meant for distribution among voters. The poor illiterate village masses have been shackled so long in barriers of castes, religion, food money that they many times miss the bigger picture. So until the educated middle class who are affected by everyday corruption doesnt take pledge to do the voting seriously, I dont see much chance of improving the situation in India.I know we all common Indians are not like sun which can remove the darkness in one go but we are like small diyas which when placed together, have the best chance of outshining the sun. I urge all like-min ded Indians to note up their protests wherever they can. It may be through blogs, through open talks, at hotels where you go for lunch or dinner, at parks, students can do it in their campus, if electronic print media isnt doing its work and many times acting as B team of this corrupt rule than we have to play our part in saving this nations soul.If we dont register our protest, the corrupt ruling class will feel that we dont care about our nation and just busy with earning our money and living our life casually. its upto us now, we have to show them through our deeds that we are still awake and wont tolerate the looting of common wealth anymore. They had played with pride of a Sanyasi who doesnt want anything for himself. He has enough fame through his good deeds. He has enough resources to sustain himself for life long. He is not having any immediate family which is getting benefitted out of his fame.He is a patriotic Sanyasi like Chankya and the foreigner controlled ruling clas s should know what happened after a corrupt thug insulted and humiliated an honest and patriotic Sanyasi. Although I dont agree with some of the points which Baba Ramdev is insisting on such a removal of big currency notes and having all education in Hindi other regional languages or rescue Dalit Christians Muslims under reservation. But his other issues are worthy causes for which we have to raise our collective voice.The ruling class is playing with a simple honest individual like Anna Hazare, who is asking nothing for himself and making a fool of him every day by one lie or another. They had played with pride of an honest army General and maligned his character by all possible means. On other hand the likes of Rajas, Chidambaram, Dayanidhi Maran, Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Sharad Pawar are having time of their life and they are busy in inventing new ways of looting the public money. If we want this to be stopped than I urge you to play your part in making of this nation.It would b e very late if we keep silence and allow the corrupt to play their dirty games. I think Baba Ramdev has chosen 3rd June for starting his protest as because its an historical date on which Nehru, Mountbatten Jinnah agreed to divide India on religious lines. The time has come again to fight for the cause of India and keep it united by chants of Vande Mataram. I sincerely believe that we Indians deserve much better government so that our future generations can live with pride in developed India.

Bombs on Japanese Essay Example for Free

Bombs on Japanese EssayA number of analyses have been conducted on the assail action that was carried out in the month of August the year nineteen forty five by the US on Japanese cities. This barrage was very significant since it resulted to a very large number of deaths and further effects which are still evident in some muckle including those caused by radiation. The main reason as to why this action has attracted a wide range to philosophical analysis is that despite the fact that so many people died from the bombing, US government still hold it that their action was grounded on morality. They argue that they had save greater damage from resulting from war and should be thanked rather than condemned. ETHICS digest Introduction When Second World War was coming to an end, US grew impatient and decided to speed up its ending. US made use of atomic bombs to beset Japan which managed to kill a large Japanese population and wounding a larger number as well. This action carrie d out by US has been widely analyzed by philosophers with John Stuart being one of them.John has based his analysis on the bombing morality which contributes to a deeper understanding of events that took place, causes as well as effects that accompanied the action. He begins with noning that the bombing action was among the most significant events that took place during the Second World War. The actual bombing took place in two places one was dropped in Nagasaki while the other bombing took place in Hiroshima. Two hundred thousand people died immediately the bombing was carried out while about one hundred and thirty thousand more people lost their lives in a period of five long time that followed.The subsequent deaths were caused by aftermath effects of bombing including trauma and radiation. Further more, about three hundred thousand people are found to raise from bombing effects in several ways including disability. Daniels (2008 pp 37-40) Morality of US Bombings on Japan Despi te the fact that bombing caused great damage on Japan citizens, American government has not taken a moment to apologize for its devastating actions. On the contrary, Americans led by Harry Truman have opted to liberate their actions giving moral reasons as to why they attacked Japan even after they had lost war.One such instance where this has happened is when Truman was writing about the issue in nineteen fifty eight where he commented that he did not have any reservations concerning the bombing. These words reached the Japanese in good time and city council of Hiroshima criticized Trumans words noting that they signified great defilement to people affected by the bombing. Instead of declining his statement, Truman arranged a meeting where he addressed an American fix conference outlining justification for bombing.He said that Japan tempted the US to act since they had attacked them at the Harbor of Pearl earlier before the bombing and this was just a pay back. Trumans comments w ere backed by other Americans who were eager to show the morality of bombing among them being capital of Minnesota Fussell, who had a disbelief in war. Paul argued that revenge from US did not represent a reasonable motive though it was still Americas motive when it was destroying Japanese Empire.Paul also point out on disbelieve on Americans who regard the nineteen forty five bombing as an action of violence that they did not support since during the actual time of bombing, almost every American was delighted. The delight did not only come from the fact that war period was shortened which saved a great number of Americans from perishing but also for the reason that Japanese deserved to be punished for attacking American troops at the cherish of Pearl. More evidence, of Americans delight was noted where about twenty three percent of them suggested on dropping of more bombs on Japanese. Mearsheimer (2001 pp 17-24)

Subculture - Geekdom Essay Example for Free

Subculture Geekdom EssayTodays society evidently shows that geekdom quiesce exists at large in our culture. Based on how the word geek is being apply to describe a particular person, it obviously has a positive implication. What was once considered as something that is less(prenominal) than normal by the society has become a means to boost somebodys morale. How does one distinguish a true geek from someone who is just pretending to be one? The former acts and does things in a normal style simply because that is the kind of person he is. On the other hand, the latter, since he is just trying to pretend that he fits the description, does things in such a way wherein his true self is manifested and not what he is pretending to be. 2. Fandom I could say, Yes, I am a huge fan of something. Like many people, I waste my reasons for being one. My liking for this particular thing does not mean, however, that I would be willing to give up other things for its sake. Although the feel ing of satisfaction is there, it does not reach the point wherein the admiration turns into obsession.Some people base the manner of achieving success on how those whom they admire were able to achieve it. I, personally, do not let the very thing that I admire or truly the likes of to become the reason for my frustration in life. I see to it that it will serve as an inspiration to me in seeking or achieving my goals. 3. coat Metal does not necessarily imply masculinity. Both male and female artists engage in this type of music. In my opinion, it is just an expression of the feelings of an artist. Metal is neither grand nor horrifying, but rather it is as form of art.It reflects the personality of the artist or what he is trying to portray or what he wants the audience to know round himself or his music. Metal, I believe is being given an unpleasant image by those who do not accept or appreciate it. It does not advisedly attempt to scare those who already have a bad impression on it, but rather it is trying to add some spice in the world of music. 4. Emo Although the word emo is used to be popularly known in the music world, its meaning underwent a transformation just like a prehistoric organism whose exact origin is unknown, evolved into a more complicated species.The schoolgirlish generation needs to have a sense of belongingness. They want to be appreciated by their chosen crowd. I believe, that the present-day emo is todays generations a means of reinventing yesterdays fads and crazes. The principle being used here may be compared to the principle used when we are recycling materials in order to create new useful things. The original substance still exists even though the form of the object has been changed. It is the same thing with emo the essence is preserved but with a different implication. 5. Hello kitty.There is a tiddler in each and every one of us. Every one of us wants to feel carefree every once in a while. The Hello Kitty in the photo su ggests child-likeness and light-heartedness of a person living in a worriless environment. The photo of a young woman obviously a mother depicts a pleasant atmosphere. Her Hello Kitty collection indicates that she is the type of person who makes time for herself despite her hectic schedule, her duties and her responsibilities to her family, particularly to her child. It is a wonderful feeling to be young at heart.It takes someone away from the chaos of the world and the problems that are brought about by various elements which compose a particular society. A grown-up does not have to feel old. A mature person understands and knows how to find time for himself without neglecting his obligations to the people surrounding him. A wise person who has learned quite a striation from experiences is aware that being carefree is not at all synonymous to being irresponsible. Lai, Adrienne. Towards critical understanding of Asian cute culture. 149-151.

Wal Mart organizational change management analysis

Wal Mart g everywherenment activityal convince prudence analysisOrganizational Change Management encompasses all(prenominal) activities aimed at c being an judicature luckyly accept and adopt new-fashioned(a) technologies and new ways to serve its customers. Effective veer management enables the transformation of strategy, processes, technology, and wad to compound performance and ensure continuous improvement in an perpetually-changing environment. A comprehensive and structured approach to organizational change management is particular to the success of any discover that will bring about significant change. Organizational change is a reality of the modern world, and that reality isnt likely to change anytime soon Organizational change is the implementation of new procedures or technologies intended to realign an organization with the changing demands of its fear environment or to capitalize on business opportunities. Organizational change typically encompasses the in troduction of new and perhaps unfamiliar processes, procedures, and technologies, which represent a departure from what affected individuals generally view as the established, practical, and familiar ways of doing their work. Thus, at the individual level, change can engender emotions and reactions that range from optimism to fear, including anxiety, challenge, resistance, ambiguity, talent, enthusiasm, helplessness, dread, motivation, and pessimism. Organizational change management is the process of recognizing, guiding, and managing these human emotions and reactions in a way that minimizes the inevitable drop in productivity that accompanies change.WAL-MART AT A GLANCEWal-Mart, founded by Sam Walton in 1962, is one of the world full-sizest companies by grocery farm animal capitalization and number of flock employed and touching millions of customers everyday. There are to a greater extent than than 7,800 Wal-Mart stores and Sams Club locations in 16 commercialises worldwi de and there are more than 2 million associates serving more than 100 million customers per year (About Us, n.d.) It is the largest grocery seller in the United States with an estimated market share of around 20% of the sell grocery and consumables business. To be able to efficiently operate such a complex operation at such a large and do it consistently would only be possible by the huge effort by Wal-Marts associates as its employees are called.Companys PrincipleWal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart) has enjoyed success by adhering to three staple principles since its founding in 1962. The first principle is the concept of providing value and service to our customers by offering quality merchandise at low prices every day. Wal-Mart has make the relationship with its customers on this basis, and we believe it is a fundamental reason for the Companys rapid growth and success. The due south principle is corporate dedication to a partnership surrounded by the Companys associates (emplo yees), ownership and management. This concept is extended to Wal-Marts Vendor Partners who grant change magnituded their business as Wal-Mart has grown. The third principle is a cargo by Wal-Mart to the United States and the communities in which stores and distribution centers are located. Wal-Mart strives to conduct its business in a manner that reflects these three basic principles and the resultant fundamental values. from severally one of our Vendor Partners, including our Vendor Partners extraneous the United States, are expected to conform to those principles and values and to assure compliance in all contracting, subcontracting or other relationships. Saving plurality money to help them live better was the goal that Sam Walton envisioned when he opened the doors to the first Walmart more than 40 years ago. Today, this mission is more important than ever to our customers and members around the world.Companys ProfileWal-Mart the worlds leading supermarkets. Founded in 19 62 by the Walton brothers, former employees of Ben Franklin supermarket, Wal-Mart is now the leading supermarket conference in the world. With what has become a real empire of more than 5,300 superstores, supermarkets and stores, Wal-Mart distributes every product we need in life (from food to beauty products, together with clothes, electronics, domestic appliances, sports equipment and so on) whether it be chthonian the Wal-Mart name or under that of SAMs Club, a members-only store dedicated to SMEs and the general public, or that of ASDA in Great Britain. Not to mention its on-line sales service. Originally aiming to set up stores in medium-sized towns in the United States, Wal-Mart has since taken on the world(prenominal) market, from Mexico, Brazil, and Canada to Great Britain, as well as Japan with the 2002 take-over of Seyu, the fifth-placed Japanese supermarket chain, without forgetting Europe with the Great-Britain and the Ger many an(prenominal).Companys MissionThrough thoughtful search, I have established that Wal-Mart does not officially have a mission statement. In retrospect, the mission statement is its slogan, Always low prices, always The chief operating officer of the company has said that people are not concerned with their mission statement as much as they are their prices.Companys StructureSometimes I find myself course session through the court documents for law casings filed against Wal-Mart. Usually those documents are filled with a bunch of garbage posing as factual information. Occasionally, though, some pertain information is found. Below is a description of Wal-Marts operating structure which was published in a court document in 2003. The only advantage to reading the text here is that I removed all of the legal cross references and footnotes to make the text readable. The following should be taken with a grain of flavour in that this information was produced from an anti-Wal-Mart lawsuit and does not come from the companys of ficial filings.There are a total of 41 regions 35 Wal-Mart regions and six Sams Club regions. Each region is supervised by a Regional Vice President (RVP), who is based in Bentonville and travels for three weeks out of each month to the region. Beca use of goods and services the regional management is based in Bentonville, Wal-Mart has an unusually high concentration of executives and managers based in the Home Office. Each region, in turn, contains around eleven districts each district contains approximately six to eight stores. Each district is run by a District Manager, who lives in the field. The highest level hourly manager at Wal-Mart is Support Manager. The following step up is to management trainee, a four-to-five month program which prepares employees for bunks as Assistant Managers. The first salaried management position is Assistant Manager. Each store has several Assistant Managers, varying with the size of the store. The next level is Co-Manager, a position used only in larger stores. The top store position is Store Manager, called General Manager in Sams Clubs. The stores contain 40-50 incompatible departments.Companys VisionSAFETY EYEWEAR PROGRAMAn estimated 1,000 eye injuries occur in American workplaces every day, caused by employees not wearing eye protection or wearing the wrong kind of eye protection for the job. Flying particles, flying or falling objects, or objects swinging from a fixed or attached position (like tree limbs, ropes, chains or tools) are just some of the hazards that lead to accidents.Most people dont realize that an eye can be destroyed in a fraction of a minute. The smartest and most effective safeguard against these risks is always wearing able eye protection. Many workplaces today are required by OSHA to ensure their employees wear safety glasses meeting the new ANSI Z87.1-2003 standard for personal tutelar eyewear.OPTI- DIRECT VISION PROGRAMDiscover a simple, cost-effective way for your company to provide visio n benefits for your employees without the complexities of an insurance vision plan. The Opti-Direct program can stringent an average savings of more than $70 per year, per employee in comparison to a traditional vision insurance plan.Companys CharacteristicsWal-Mart is almost certainly not an example of tenuous competition. Pure competition is characterized by a very large number of sellers each with an almost infinitesimally small market share selling a non-differentiated product. Wal-Marts market share is immense (as you stated) and they differentiate their product through branding measures that include everyday low prices, convenient hours, etc. There can be uncompromising competition in every market structure (except monopoly) but that does not mean that the market meets the definition of pure competition.Company ProductsWal-Mart Stores, Inc., like most large retail and grocery chains, offers store brands, commonly referred to as house brands or generic brands, which are lo w-priced alternatives to name brand products. Wal-Mart has numerous store brands, each catering to a different consumer need or desire. Almost all products offered under Wal-Mart brands are private label products, and can be found in almost every category at Wal-Mart.Major NamesSams Choice Sams Choice originally introduced as Sams American Choice in 1991, is premium retail brand in food and selected hard in force(p)s. Named for Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart, Sams Choice forms the premium tier of Wal-Marts devil-tiered core corporate grocery branding strategy that too includes the larger Great Value brand of discount-priced staple items. Most Sams Choice beverage products (excluding Grapette and Orangette) are manufactured for Wal-Mart by Cott Beverages. Other products in the line, including cookies, snack items, fixed meals, and similar grocery items are made by a renewal of agricultural and food manufacturers.Great Value Great Value was launched in 1993 and forms the second tier, or national brand equivalent (NBE), of Wal-Marts grocery branding strategy. Products offered at Walmart through the Great Value brand are claimed to be as good as national brand offerings, but are typically sold at a lower price because of minimal marketing and advertising expense. As a house or generic brand, the Great Value line does not consist of goods produced by Wal-Mart, but is a labeling system for items manufactured and in lesson by a number of agricultural and food corporations, such as ConAgra, which, in addition to releasing products under its own brands and for Wal-Mart, also manufactures and brands foodstuffs for a variety of other supermarket chains. As Wal-Marts most extensively developed retail brand, covering hundreds of household consumable items, the Great Value line includes sliced bread, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, canned foods, light bulbs, trash bags, and many other traditional grocery store products. The wide range of items marketed under the Great Value banner makes it Wal-Marts top-selling retail brand. The new redesign also includes over 80 new items including thin crust pizza, fat free caramel swirl ice cream, strawberry yogurt, essential cage-free eggs, double stuffed sandwich cookies, and teriyaki beef jerky. Walmart changed the formulas for 750 items including breakfast cereal, cookies, yogurt, laundry detergent, and paper towels. The new brand was tested by over 2,700 people.1 Other retailers are following suit with their private label packaging as well.MARKETING ENVIRONMENTThe Wal-Mart and all of the other actors operate in a larger macro environment of forces that determine opportunities and pose threats to the company. There are six major forcesDemographic environsDemography is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation, and other statistics. It is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up markets. Demographic trends are constantly changing.Economic EnvironmentThe economic environment of Wal-Mart are those factors that affect consumer purchasing office staff and spending patternsNatural EnvironmentThe natural environment involves natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. During the past two decades environmental concerns have steadily grown. Some trend analysts labeled the specific areas of concern wereShortages of raw materials. Staples such as air, water, and wood products have been seriously ravishd and non-renewable such as oil, coal, and various minerals have been seriously depleted during industrial expansion.Increased pollution is a worldwide problem. Industrial damage to the environment is very seriousGovernment intervention in natural resource management has caused environmental concerns to be more practical and demand in business and industry. Leadership, not punishment, seems to be the best policy for long-term results. Inst ead of opposing regulation, marketers should help develop solutions to the material and energy problems lining the world.Technological EnvironmentThe technological environment includes forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities.Political EnvironmentThe political environment includes laws, government agencies, and pressingure groups that influence and throttle various organizations and individuals in a given society. Various forms of legislation regulate business.Marketing Strategy of Wal-MartWal-Marts marketing strategies are based upon a set of two main objectives that have guided the firm through their growth years. The customer is featured in the first objective Customers would be provided what they want, when they want it, all at a value. Team spirit was emphasized in the second objective, Treating each other as we would hope to be treated acknowledging our total dependency on our associate partners to sustain our success. I agree with Wal-Marts two main objectives. The customer objective includes giving the customer what they want at a reasonable value. The second objective covers the foundation of the company its employees. Employees are the basis for success of the company and drive the day-to-day operations. Wal-Marts employees, feeling like associate partners, gives them a feeling of dominance and pride that drives the companys culture. Wal-Mart has launched successful marketing strategies that considered factors like social and environmental causes..CHANGE PROCESS IN THE ORGANIZATIONChange is a complex process, and also include with a time of anxiety and uncertainty for the workforce. Organizations need to clearly articulate the merits of change and present a clear process for achieving change, if they are to win the commitment and enthusiasm of people. Wide involvement in and communication of the change project can assist with employee understanding of the what and how of change.ORGANIZATION LIFE CYCLEBef ore readiness a management strategy is important to carry out organizational life cycle to identified in which stages the organization are. After analyzing it if identified that Wal-Mart are in Elaboration of structure phase because it ensuresManagers seek ways to streamline any excess bureaucracy that has cropped up during the previous phase.Decisionmaking becomes de-centralised, allowing individual departments to get nonionised along specific product/services lines or projects. Often the need at this phase is to revitalise the organisation.InnovationFig 1 The Organizational conduct Cycle of Wal-MartBUSINESS PROCESS TRANSFORMATION MODELBusiness process modeling is a technology aimed at modelling business processes and analyzing them with the objective of development the analyses to drive process transformations. Business process modeling tools have underlying capabilities such as pretension that helps business analysts to understand and quantify the electric shock of differen t process transformations on process Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Even though business process modeling is widely used, analytic capabilities such as simulation are used to a much lesser degree because developing and running simulation models and interpreting their results is seen as a complicated activity by a majority of business analysts. As a result, many business analysts consider such tools as only suitable for experts in the field and are hampered in unlocking the full potential of business process modelling for identifying and assessing business process transformation options. Hence, there is a need for researching approaches that enable business analysts to use quantitative analysis methods easily towards the overall objective of business process transformation..Business process transformation is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to strive dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, qualit y, service, and speedBusiness process Transformation is a top-down approach.It is not about projects carried out in isolation to examine a specific activity.Business process transformation is about looking at entire processes, rather than at specific activities or functions.It also needs to be customer-centric and look at the chain of activities leading to the customer output (whether that is service or product).Wal-marts mission statement Wal-mart mission is to enhance and integrate our supplier diversity programs into all of our procurement practices and to be an advocate for minority- and women-owned businesses.To give ordinary folk the chance to buy the same thing as rich peopleBEHAVIOURS THAT NEEDED FOR ACHIEVE THE MISSION AND AIMOptimize resource capacitiesThis pattern results in potential reduction of operating costs, by minify resource capacities in different roles.Optimize resource scheduling policiesThis pattern results in potential improvement in service and reduction in cost, by refining the scheduling policies governing the allocation of resources to different activities.Combine rolesThis pattern results in potential reduction in operational costs, by creating new roles in the process, by aggregating multiple existing roles.Change forking probabilityThis pattern results in potential operational improvements, by modifying the probability that a specific branch is chosen by a token. The change in probability may in turn be realized by different means, such as employing improved technologies for managing flows, etc.Introduce business integration solutions, IT (InformationTechnology) systemsThis pattern results in potential improvement in operating costs, by automating the process using business integration and other information technologySTAKE HOLDER ANALYSISThe purpose of stakeholder analysis is to inform the Project Board and Project Manager who should consecrate to the project, where barriers might be and the actions that need to be taken befor e detailed project planning.Key stakeholders of Wal-MartA Key stakeholder is a stakeholder whose interest in the project must be recognized if the project is to be successful. In particular, those who may be positively or negatively affected during the project or upon successful completion of the projectShareholdersThe management authority of the BPLEmployeesPhysicians / DoctorsRelated banksParticipantsThe retailerThe distributorSupplierThe non key stakeholderA Non-key stakeholder is a stakeholder who does not need to be recognised in order for the project to be successful, but will be identified as s result of the process of identifying all stakeholdersPressure groupTaxation authorityThe Standard testing InstituteLocal communityPolitical influencesInternational policySYSTEM MODELINGThe 7-S-ModelThe 7-S-Model is better known as McKinsey 7-S. This is because the two persons who developed thismodel, Tom Peters and Robert Waterman, have been consultants at McKinsey Co at that time. T hypublished their 7-S-Model in their article Structure Is Not Organization (1980) and in their books The maneuver of Japanese Management (1981) and In Search of Excellence (1982).The model starts on the premise that an organization is not just Structure, but consists of sevenelementsStrategyActions a company plans in response to or anticipation of changes in its external environment.StructureBasis for specialization and co-ordination influenced primarily by strategy and by organization size and diversity. Systems Formal and informal procedures that support the strategy and structure.Style / CultureThe culture of the organization, consisting of two components Organizational Culture the dominant values and beliefs, and norms, which develop over time and become relatively enduring features of organizational life.StaffThe people/human resource management processes used to develop managers, socialization processes, ways of influence basic values of management cadre, ways of introducing young recruits to the company, ways of helping to manage the careers of employeesSkillsThe distinctive competences what the company does best, ways of expanding or shifting competencesSuper arrange goalsThese represent the aspirations of the organisation, the beliefs, the principles and aims which should pull it towards success. A shared view of this within the organisation is a powerful competitive advantage for an organisation to developResourcesRecourses needed for achieving the new marketsEstablished a new plant for productionEnsure better qualitySet up new marketing channel specially for the international marketsNew management and trained staffFinancePolitical supportMarketing environmentIMPLEMENTATIONImplementing the ChangeA practical understanding of how people and organizations respond to change. This is received by a exporters to understanding how change unfolds helps reduce the amount of unproductive behavior that may accompany the implementation of a new technical solu tion by reducing the amount of uncertainty involved in change. Reduced uncertainty alleviates surprises and better equips people to cerebrate time and energy on the technical solution.The manner in which change unfolds can be broadly grouped into seven key concept areas. These areas areNature. The impact of change on the individual.Process. The typical flow of change.Roles. The positions that are central to change.Resistance. The reactions that accompany change.Commitment. The process by which individuals and organizations align with change.Culture. The organizations past and present ways of doing things and the influence of these behaviours on the change.Synergy. The impact of teamwork on the change.Making Good DecisionsDecisions are the alignment of an organizations current and planned changes with the resources available for implementing the initiatives.For an organization to be successful in implementing change, it must ensure that the demands created by its change initiatives do not exceed the organizations capacity for executing the changes. When change demands exceed the organizations capacity for change, key resources become overwhelmed by the number of changes competing for their time. The result is an increase in dysfunctional behavior that detracts energy from the implementation effort and, in many cases, impedes its process.Ensuring adequate capacity for existing and planned change demands generally involves stock current and planned changes and evaluating them to determine their potential value, impact, and resource requirements.Prioritizing changes according to this evaluation.Determining current capacity to implement changes.Trimming current and planned changes as necessary according to capacity limits.Developing and implementing strategies to increase overall change capacity to expand organizational adaptability.Structured Implementation Architecture The structured plan for achieving the desire goals through implementation of the perceived ch ange solution.Following a structured, yet flexible, implementation framework reduces errors and oversights and allows a team to proactively address issues that are routinely associated with the hardship of organizational changes. Such a structured framework consists of seven phases which, when applied as a system, facilitate successful implementation of an initiative.The seven phases areClarification. suppuration of a comprehensive vision and measurable outcomes that are wholly shared by key leaders.Announcement. Development and execution of a detailed communication plan.Diagnosis. judgement of critical risks and key levers associated with the change.Planning. Development of comprehensive strategies to mitigate risks and use levers identified in the diagnosis phase.Execution. Implementation of developed strategies.Monitoring. Continuous assessment and augmentation of an implementation sequence.Evaluation. mind of a complete implementation sequence, and documentation and transfer of key learnings.RecommendationsI feel that Wal-Marts most challenging issue involves the publics resentment. Wal-Mart has wiped out numerous retail establishments (too many to count) and will continue to do so unless stopped. So far, some big box opponents have stopped Wal-Mart from specific expansions but Wal-Mart is in spades fighting back. From Wal-Marts wind of view, I think more focus should be spent on global expansion. If specific areas are so against having a Wal-Mart that they pass laws to stop Wal-Mart from twist in their area, I think Wal-Mart should stay away. For example, Wal-Mart would have a terrible time expanding into Oakland. I would assume that with the laws that were passed, a great deal of negative press also took place. The time and effort to get a Wal-Mart built in Oakland may not be worth the trouble. This is one of the reasons I feel Wal-Mart should focus on international expansion. There were 1,355 international Wal-Marts in 2004. I definitely feel that expanding this number sounds like it could be very lucrative.Another issue facing Wal-Mart is the federal lawsuit regarding sex discrimination. From the numbers quoted in the case study, it sounds as though Wal-Mart is clearly discriminating against females. This is somewhat surprising but will hopefully be fixed. Wal-Mart is very thorough in their strategy, maybe they need to be more thorough and/or detailed in their compensation and incentive policies. Wal-Mart definitely needs to end the discrimination. In order to avoid future discrimination, monitoring of wages and salaries should be established. This is especially true for upper management employees, where females are give significantly less than males in similar positions.Last, I feel that the compensation and benefits offered to Wal-Mart employees are somewhat of an issue. If only about 60 percent of employees have wellness coverage (compared to 72 percent in the retail industry as a whole), I think their benefit package n eeds to be revaluated. The case study claims that the reason many employees did not sign up for health coverage is because they obtained it through a member of their household. Im sure that is the case for some, but not all. Furthermore, Wal-Mart does not pay any health care costs for retirees. I feel that both examples are methods Wal-Mart uses to cut costs and both need to be reconsidered.CONCLUSIONManagement change in the organization is the key to adopting with new technologies. Though it a complex and continuous process but every organization should practice this new techniques to manage and operate he organization successfully.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Tourism Essay

The Environmental adjoin Assessment Tourism EssayThis chapter deals with the literature r evaluation which is a report of what has been published on the topic by qualified scholars. This chapter will give an insight on the surroundal affect estimation, its steps, in force(p)ness and weaknesses, followed by the concept of biodiversity and a critical review of two articles related to the topic. Lastly it elaborates on touristry development on Ile aux Cerfs.EIA was set up to deal with concerns ab out(a) the effects that main development projects were having on the environment. It is important to know that EIA is an environment assessment tool. A in truth straightforward definition of EIA is that it is a methodical procedure of positioning, predicting, analysing, evaluating and mitigating all the environmental effects a future development or activity in the beginning setting up the project (United Nations, 2001).The EIA also considers the inherent, socio cultural and economical aspects.EIA and the important steps which need to be carried out to accomplish the assessment is covered by the ISO 14011. EIA is also the more(prenominal) or less popular and accepted instrument used to measure environmental furbish ups for new or planned projects (Schianetz et al.2007).The crucial reason of why an EIA is needed is to prevent costly mistake in a project execution. These costly mistakes contribute arise every by the blackball environmental encroachments that be ilk to occur during the project implementation or by the alterations that be required afterwards in straddle to make the development environmentally suitable to governance and community.2.1.1 Concepts and Alternatives of EIAAn environmental wedge Assessment supports discordant concepts namely Eco touristry, Cleaner Production, Eco-labelling but the two close to support concepts are Environmental Management and Tourism Carrying Capacity (Schianetz et al. 2007).As already mention above EIA is an environment assessment tool. There are many opposite tools used which can measure the impacts of the environment. Some of the tools are Sustain cogency indicators, Ecological footprint, Life Cycle Assessment, Strategic environmental Assessment and Environmental Auditing.Sustainable indicators are for the most part used for assessing tourism destinations. Ecological footprint (EF) assesses the extent to which human race is using and consuming natures resources more rapidly than they can regenerate (Schaefer et al. 2006). Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodological structure for calculating approximately and assessing the environmental impacts for the life cycle of a product such as the exhaustion of resources like land, water, petrol coal and different natural resources (Rebitzeret al. 2004). Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool that permits to put together environmental concerns on with social and economic aspect and which is also an assessment on a policy le vel (Dalal-Clayton, Sadler, 2005). Environmental Auditing (EA) is a tool that a gild can use to identify the level of its environmental impacts, find out whether or non the company is in agreement with valid acts, rules, and the expectations of its stakeholders, and make ups knowledge on how it can maintain or progress its environmental performance going forward (Mattsson and Olsson, 2001).2.1.2 Steps for EIAWerner (1992) had recommended that EIA can be used as a means in deciding if a project is viable and suitable, otherwise it can also be a means to plan how negative effects of an acknowledged development can be reduced.Furthermore, Roberts and Hunter (1992) have verbalise that EIA steps differ from a location to another, but at the development level, thither are four fundamental standards that are mostly put into practice. The four standards are as followsThe characteristics of a development and related activities should be identified by an EIA.The facets of the environment that will be refer should be recognized.The effects at the beginning and forthcoming stages should be assessed.EIA is related about the management of the upbeats and alarmed about the negative impacts that can be generated.On the other hand, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) mentioned the different patterns of an EIA as followsScreeningAlternatives prelim AssessmentScopingEIA study and environmental impact statement brush upMonitoringScreeningScreening is carried out to assess if a development requires EIA. Its main concentration is about the effects it may have or if thither are impacts that are unsure. Then eventually it will focus on the situations where environmental supervision effort may be essential. Hence EIA strategies may most of the cartridge clip contain a records or schemas stipulating which projects need EIA (ex constantly or specific situations).AlternativesThinking of possible alternatives (demand, activity, place, development a im, setting up, contribution, no project) ought to be naturalized prior to a selection universe prepared. Some developments can be particularly on site (ex mining, extraction takes place notwithstanding where there is a mineral site). In such circumstances EIA may give extra attentions on actions such as scale, comelyifying actions and traffic supervision. Ventures promoted by government agencies might credibly consider alternative locations or routes for development rather than private segment schemes where the premature requirements to obtain options or purchase land strongly controls development spot.Preliminary AssessmentThis is where screening recommends additional evaluation is required or if there is improbability about the nature of possible effects. There is the use of quick evaluation methods although there is the presence of enough detail to discover key impacts, their extent and consequence, and assess their significance for decision making. Below are steps that will deck if a complete EIA is required.ScopingA narrowing procedure frequently started by an assessment team to recognize the key problems of apprehension at an early phase in the planning course of action and direct the development of conditions of reference for the EIA. It assists location selection, recognizes potency options, and evades interruption due to having to evaluate formerly unrevealed equiprobable impacts. Scoping must engage all interested parties such as the promoter or environmental agencies and public members. The outcomes establish the scope, depth and terms of reference to be addressed within Environmental Impact Statement (below). Once the location for development has been selected, the number of problems usually diminishes and precondition to specific details is enhanced.Main EIA excogitateBuilding and extending the previous phases to forecast the amount and level of effects and determine their importance. A range of schemes can be used including checklists, questionnaires and networks models. The study should include consideration of mitigating measures- assessing the action proposed/ taken to avoid or reduce current or probable negative impacts of a project. stock-s work on if there are qualms to a highschool extent, probable serious outcomes and no justifying actions, then the proposed project ought to be abandoned. However if there are qualms that can be decreased with a more in depth studies, then a claim can be postponed until further studies.Environmental Impact StatementIt is a complete report that states the conclusions of the EIA and is most of the condemnation asked by law before a new venture can start.ReviewTo evaluate the satisfactoriness of the EIA to decision making and think about its repercussions.Monitoring superintend of project accomplishment and action, an eventually an audit of the project after its completion.2.1.3 Effectiveness of EIAEIA may ameliorate and provides continuous possibility on the long run for v arious projects. EIA has the prospect to offer the possibility to discover from know-how of comparable projects keep away from the (habitually elevated) expenses that may arise later justifying unexpected harmful and detrimental effects.2.1.4 Weakness of EIA connoisseur is a vital part of every theory, procedure tool or concept. Criticism of EIA has been debated by many authors in many studies. atomic number 53 of the most harsh critics is that EIA only considers the direct impact of a development or activity but not the addition to the rising impacts in the champaign, Simpson and Wall, (2000). EIA cannot be used for the assessment of whole tourism destinations but only for specific projects such as airports, eco-resorts, activity or development near the beach, Schianetz et al. (2007). EIA is also criticized as it only deals with mitigating negative impacts rather than putting the effort in increasing the positive impacts, Simpson and Wall, (2000).However Biswas (1992a) and Hunte r (1995a) have stated that steps of EIA have its deficiency. According to both authors, there is a trend that EIA concentrate more only on physical impacts and ignore social and cultural ones. EIA repeatedly concentrates on biophysical matters and where environment, social and economic features are dealt with, they are not usually included but instead EIA reports have the tendency to be illustrated as separate stages.2.2 BiodiversityIn popular usage, the word biodiversity is a great deal used to describe all the species living in a particular area (www.cnx.org). Considering the particular area in a very large scale, biodiversity is merely all the life on the planet earth. The business dictionary defines biodiversity as the Variety and variability of microbial, plant, and animal life forms from all sources (including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems) and of the ecological complexes of which they are a part. In the context of this particular study, biodiversity and t ourism is to be studied.The recent trend in the tourism industry has it that that nowadays more and more tourists have abandoned the famous sea, sand and sunniness, and tends more towards the nature based experience (www.unwto.de). A rifle nature is increasingly being mentioned by tourists when they are choosing their destinations. The tonus of the environment, therefore, cannot be neglected as a vital factor in the nowadays tourism trends. However, tourists go to a destination where the environment plays a key role at the destination. There is therefore an urgent need for a sustainable management programme and which tends to use natural resources in a sustainable manner. It is also to note that the year 2010 has been declared the international year if biodiversity.2.2.1 Linking Biodiversity to TourismProjects have already started concerning biodiversity and tourism. The most flagrant example is in Thailand which was struck by the Tsunami in the year 2004. Issues such as energy e fficiency, security of tourists and climatic changes have been set up. As stated earlier, those issues impact straightway on tourism.Building on this, the Program for Energy Efficiency waslaunched Thailand to mitigate the effects of climate change.Mauritius Island contains endemic species which are unique to the world but are plagued by massive population decrease. In the years 1500 and onwards the island was uninhabited by humans. After the landing of the Dutch, the introduction of non-native plant and animal species, biodiversity still prosperous started to be endangered. The 400 years following the first altercation in the Mauritians ecosystem, population of native birds, reptiles, and trees started to decrease and threatened to become extinct. The continuous decrease in the population of the living organisms threatened the life cycle such as the reproduction process and the agreement of nature.We cannot neglect the fact that tourism has been growing and in biodiversity hotspo ts. Thus the quick growth in nature tourism and travel within the tourism industry for the past 2 decades, it may be express that the tourisms growth in those high biodiversity areas is because of the one and only nature and environment set at those hotspots. The destruction of this aspect of a destination is like tearing apart the spot and this forgetting definitely about tourism in that particular area.Ecotourism is an idea that is threatening tourism. Defined as the responsible travel to natural areas, that keep the environment and sustains the well being of local stack, ecotourism reformats the basic concepts behind tourism. record tourism is defined as travel to unspoiled places to experience and enjoy nature. Nature and adventure tourism focus on what the tourist is looking for. Ecotourism focuses on what the tourist does and the impact of this travel on both the environment and the people at the destination (Honey 2002).The tourism industry states that it contributes t o sustainable development because it has less impact on the environment than other industries and is based on a specific area and so the local people are more motivated to protect those resources. Biodiversity is thus a critical component of the natural environment that tourists enjoy (Mattus et al. 2003). In addition to resource being on the verge of ending and habitat destruction, littering and water pollution are problems, linked to the tourism industry, definitely have a bad impact for biodiversity. Littering problem is fluent in some areas, where waste collection and management is difficult. Waste disposal from cruises are sources of problems due to the fact that they only have a limited space to carry all their waste until they reach the port, and ports have limited incentive (and capacity) to accommodate those waste.Coral reefs are at risk from tourism development. Holden(2000) states that as well as being mined for building materials, reefs suffer from sewage runoff that sti mulates the growth of algae, covering the filter-feeding corals and hindering their ability to survive. Corals are damaged by anchors of boats from careless skippers and local people often take corals from their home habitat for sale. Again the tourist benefits is that the financing source stated by Brandon(1996) may help for finding alternative sustainable ways for the local people to earn their living and to launch training programmes to skippers and other staffs from the tourism industry.There is an urgent need to mitigate those impacts and to promote ecotourism activities which have emerged in the years 1980s and 1990s so as to have a sound environment and to promote the tourism sector at a destination because as said, the tourism industry is going more and more towards destination with a unique biodiversity.2.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Tourism DevelopmentThe Tourism Industry is said to be directly linked to the environment. The reason is that tourists mainly travel to be in a natural and green environment. Most of the hotels are found near the sailing or on the Mountains. Many islands and countries use the environment as an evaluate to promote tourism. The Maldives promote the archipelagos with the sea, sand and sun. It is also the case for the Caribbean Island which depends on its natural beauty and resources for the success of the tourism industry.In a report Examining the relationship betwixt Tourism and the Environment in Barbados and St. Lucia, by Reginald I Burke, the importance of environment to the tourism sector was clearly mentioned. However the author states that Tourism and the supporting radix that it requires pose threats to the environment particularly, the marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems as well as potable water resources.The positive impact of tourism on the environment is that it brings along revenue for the preservation and conservation of parks and rare animals. The tourism industry can make a significant contribution to the conservation of the destination. In fact, tourism can be a source of finance for biodiversity conservation, for example part of the entrance fee for a site goes to the conservation programme (Brandon 1996). The funds may be used in the sense that the local people can be provided with alternate jobs instead of exploiting the biodiversity for living. Tourists who visit an area may detect abnormalities in a specific area that local people, who are use to it, may not detect. Tourism can also be a way to increase awareness on the environment. Tourists are more conscious of the environmental protection before going to an area.Tourism also impacts on the environment in a negative way. During the development phase, there is a need to cut down trees so as to be able to construct hotels and other facilities that the tourists need. With the increasing in population, land is a limited resource that needs to be well utilized. The cutting down of trees often lead to destruction of habitats of animals life. It has also been noted that in areas where there has been lots of infrastructural development, there is less rainfall. It is important to have a good land use land.The tourism industry is one which produces lots of waste. These wastes are often released in the environment or the sea. The sewage system often goes directly in the sea for the resorts and the cruises. These wastes cause a degradation of the water quality and kills marine life. The coral reefs died and the beaches become vulnerable to waves leading to sand erosion.The carmine Sea, in Egypt, has always been a tourism attraction. Sherbiny et al. (2006) states that with the tourism development along the Red Sea, where there has been the development of recreational attractions and sport activities, has lead to the destruction of the resource base of the Red Sea.The environment needs to be preserved because it will benefit the tourism industry and bring a lot term profit. Tour operators and hotels are tryin g to reduce wastage and pollution to rejuvenate the environment that has been destroyed. They opted for eco-friendly activities and sensitize the tourists before going on a site. It is very important that before implementing any development an EIA is done. The EIA will help to identify weaknesses and the impact on the environment and what can be done to reduce or even eliminate the impacts.2.3 Case StudiesIt is important, before going more in dept in a study, to look at definitions and steps but also at different cases. The EIA tool is used all around the world by developed, developing countries and islets. Therefore through several(prenominal) readings of previous application of the tool at a destination, some more weaknesses or even strengths of the EIA can be identified because each region is not the same and have particular resources and characteristics.2.3.1 Evaluation of the EIA system on the Island of Mauritius and development of an environmental monitor plan framework (T. Ra mjeawon, R. Beedassy, 2004)According to Ortolano and Shepherd (1995), Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a planning tool used to forecast and evaluate the impacts of planned projects in enunciate to assist the decision making process. The limited natural resources of an island dictate its capacity to allow and sustain development. Islands face serious environmental problems due to their scarcity of natural resources, exposure to natural disasters, reduced areas, economic photograph and weakness in ecosystems. Therefore it is very important for islanders to understand and implement preventive strategies to have sustainable development.The need to carry out an Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and to obtain an EIA license from the ministry before undertaking the project is one of the main features of the Environment Protection Act in Mauritius. EIA brought important improvements in the planning, excogitation and decision making process but many difficulties have been enco untered in the implementation of the EIA system.Without proper follow-up EIA can be seen as a just paper to secure a development permit rather than a mean to ensure environmental benefits and having proper environmental management. The rapid developments around the coast and lack of EIA monitoring have negative impacts on the coastal environment and this can affect the sustainable development of the tourism industry.The EIA system was introduced in 1993 those lacking(p) to apply for an EIA license must submit copies (15) of the EIA report to the Director of environment and to ensure about the accuracy of the report it is opened for public inspection and comments. A copy of the EIA report is distributed to concerned agencies and ministries and written feedback is requested. The Environmental Assessment unit of the department of environment organizes a site visit to assess the potential environmental implications of the proposed development.Leu et al. (1996) introduced 9 fundamental components for an impelling EIA system which areEnvironmental regulations, guidelines and policies.Environmental administrative structureEIA ProcedureRole of those which are involved.Status of the EIA reportsEIA compliance monitoring and enforcementEIA implementationThe implementation of strategic Environmental assessmentInternational exchangesThe 9 components were mostly followed for the evaluation of the EIA System in Mauritius. Nine hotels built during the last 5 years were selected to develop the Environmental Monitoring plan (EMP) and the EIA reports were evaluated by verifying their compliance with the official guiding principles of performing EIA.The quality of the EIA was assessed upon the following criteriaBaseline entropyDrawings and plansTechniques and methodology used to predict impactsField surveys as well as consistency in the analysisRelevance of proposed measuresMonitoring plan of impactsImpartiality of the content of the EIAIn the last 15 years much has been achi eved in establishing legal and institutional framework in terms of environmental management in Mauritius. However most of the existing environmental laws are improperly enforced due to a lack of awareness of the laws and a lack of capacity and resources in the government departments.The following weaknesses were identified in the EIA processThe screening system is not adequateThe minimum range of requirements of the EIA is too general to ensure the proper crowd of information for decision making process of whether or not to issue and EIA license.There is poor public participation in the project from the beginning till the implementation phase.There is a lack of clear criteria for the registration of eligible consultants for the preparation of an EIA report.The procedures for reviewing EIA and granting licenses lack in transparency and liability and there is no time frame regarding EIA applications.There is a lack of strategic environmental assessment for coastal development in part icular areas.There is a lack of apt staff and expertise to conduct as well as review EIAs.The EIA reports do not include environmental management plans.One of the major assets of the tourism industry which is the lagoon is being left apart and there are no or insufficient investigations carried out on the attributes of the lagoon.More weight is being given to the economin impacts in the final decision making process and there is lack of information in the EIA reports.2.3.2 A Critical Review of Environmental Impact Statements in Sri Lanka with Particular Reference to Ecological Impact Assessment (Miriya Samarakoon John S. Rowan, 2008)EIA is a tool used to predict environmental consequences of proposed project in order to achieve sustainable development. According to Treweek (1996) Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) is an important element of EIA which explores how the sensitivity, viability and value of habitats, ecosystems and species can be affected by developments. An Environme ntal Impact Statement (EIS) is an official report about the results of EcIA and EIA.EIA has been criticized for the following reasonsLack of time and fundingLack of research designInsufficient data on industrial plant and faunaFailure in monitoring development impactsLack of guidelines on the EcIA processThe first EIA in Sri Lanka was conducted in 1980 and the legal framework is under the subject area Environment Regulations No.1 of the National Environment Act (NEA). There are 2 levels of EA which are stated in the NEA. The first level is the Initial Environmental inquiry (IEE) which is required when less adverse impact is expected and the second level is the EIA for developments where significant adverse impacts are expected.The Central Environment Authority (CEA) is the institution which is responsible for monitoring and managing the EA process and the Project Approving Agencies (PAAs) are responsible for the implementation of the EA process as well as the decision making proc ess.Sri Lanka is well-known for its biodiversity and 5 levels of ecological surveying are recognized. Level 1 survey is about a brief overview of the ecology at the site and level 5 is the most complex level which is about collecting quantitative data on various key attributes of ecology. EAs must pay special attention to their assessment and effective measures must be taken so as to avoid potential negative impacts.2.4 Overview of Tourism IndustryTourism is the worlds largest growth industry. Organization such as the world tourism organization state that in the next 15 years the number of tourist will increase from 845 million in 2006 to 1.6 million by 2020 that is it will double.Furthermore 200m people are employs worldwide. These jobs very often occur in small or medium-sized, family-owned enterprises. Similarly these tourism jobs and development very often take place in fewer developing countries that will help to balance economic opportunities. For example in order to benefit from balance economic opportunities Mauritius which is an underdeveloped country is aiming 2m tourist by 2015.2.4.1 Tourism development in MauritiusTourism developments in Mauritius are based mainly on the 3s that is sea, sun and sand. By relying on the 3s, this causes the tourists being kept within the four walls of the luxurious hotels. Luxurious hotel is one of the major tourism developments in Mauritius. Larger international company such as Sun Resort Ltd has constructed luxurious and glamour hotels such as Le Touessrock Hotel, La Pirogue Hotel and Long Beach Hotel. Nowadays Mauritius has modify their tourism product and services in order to attain the 2 million tourists by 2015. Mauritius is offering adventure tourism that is soft tourism and hard-fought tourism. Furthermore the government is practicing responsible tourism and sustainable tourism. The government is also allowing tourism development on our islets such as Ile aux Cerfs.2.4.2 Topography of Ile aux CerfOur select ed area to carry out the EIA is Ile aux Cerfs. It is a tourism development site and each day there are different sea activities that take place on the islet. Ile aux Cerf welcomes the Mauritian people as well as the tourists. With the introduction of sustainable development and Maurice Ile Durable, it is important to know what the impacts of these developments on Ile aux Cerf. The EIA will help to achieve our aim.Ile aux Cerf, situated in the east coast of Mauritius, is a stunning and naturally splendid islet. This small paradise constitutes about 100 hectares of soil. It is also known as the deer island and is recognized as having the best beach of the Indian Ocean. Ile aux Cerfs is not a residential area. Everyday tourists as well as locals visit the island. To reach the island, boats are available from Trou Deau Douce, a small village found in the east. It takes around ten minutes to reach the island. Tourism developments have taken place in the island making it a must see place to visit. In the past years, the island has become among the most well known tourist attractions.2.4.3 Tourism Development on Ile aux CerfsIle aux Cerfs is an islet found in the east of Mauritius. Many people describe Ile aux Cerfs as a mini Eden where you can relax and spend nice time with family and friends. One of the main tourism developments in Ile aux Cerfs is the golf course and the sun group made this plan public in july 1998. The project consists of an eighteen-hole course and clubhouse. From the environment impact assessment report made previously on the islet it appears that the golf course covers an area of 40 hectares.Furthermore the Touessrok hotel is another tourism development that relies firmly on the Ile aux Cerfs. It is situated near the islet. The management of the Touessrok hotel is the one which managed the golf course on the islet. Touessrok hotel is a five stars plus well-known hotel throughout the world. More other another tourism development on Ile aux Cer f is the Paul Virginie Restaurant, which is again managed by the management of the Touessrok hotel. Located on the islet, the restaurants relaxing beachside setting, is perfect for a family lunch of fish, pizza pie and Mauritian dishes (http//www.elegantresorts.co.uk). There are also a lot of tourism activities that take place on the islet. These activities are mainly sea activities that are provided by tour operators such as Happy Holidays Mauritius. Examples of these activities are speed zone, Rampage, Big Banana, Frequent flyer, Duo Patriot and parasailing (http//www.happy.holidays.mu).Therefore these are some tourism development that occur in Mauritius and especially on the islet of ile aux cerfs.2.5 ConclusionAs we have seen before development can have negative impacts on the environment and therefore an EIA is required before the undertaking of any development be it tourism or non-tourism development in order to identify potential environmental impacts and find out strategie s to minimize the negative impacts. However the EIA should be well-done and ways should be found to overcome the weaknesses of the EIA so that the report is an effective one and can help in minimizing environmental impacts.

Materials Used For Making Gears

Materials Used For Making GearsTribology has been there since the beginning of recorded history. Tribology is the word basic aloney derived from Greek in which tribos means pass. From this we understand that Tribology is the scientific take aim of interacting bulges and of related subjects and practices. 1 The 3 work break throughs that argon considered to be a major factor in tribology atomic number 18 clash, play out and lubrication. Friction is defined as the opposite result created when 2 proves atomic number 18 in touch. Friction cornerstone cause damage to the parts in contacts collectible to the heat generation and this shtup be apprisevas using tribology. Wear is defined as the irregularities ca utilise in a surface due to the outside(a) factors. Running a machine with we bed parts can scale down the biography of the machine. Lubrication is defined as the viscous liquid employ in the midst of two surfaces in contact for better performance and massive er smell.Fig. 1 Gears 8 Gears are means by which role is transferred from the source to the application. 2 In the present world it has been use in well-nigh of the mechanical machines so that power can be transferred in an easier and ample way. The peddleing technology started at ab bug out 100 years before and it was carried out by the Europeans in the Dark Ages to bring out the development in the tilts. 2 As years passed by more(prenominal) developed versions of power train wheels were introduced which were lightweight, with steep make haste and gears that could withstand high gists. The gears are used as an primary(prenominal) component in automobiles so that power is transmitted from the engine to the wheels to cause an make up in the speed of the vehicle. Hypoid gears are one of the common gears used in automobiles to do this operation. 2 Transmission which is defined as two or more gears on the job(p) in tandem is used as an important principle in automobiles. U ntitled.jpgIn todays world many gears keep been developed and these gears are being used for different purposes. These gears brook been been divided into 2 overmuch(prenominal) as out-of-door Gears In these emblems of gears the odontiasis can be found outside the cylinder or cone.Internal Gears These graphic symbols of gears have teeths in the inner surface of the cylinder or cone.With either internal or external gears a lot of gears have been developed for different purposes and these gears are explained be starting clipSpur GearsSpur gears This is one of the nearly common types of gear. These gears have teeth perpendicular to the face of the gear and the edge of the tooth is par entirelyel to the axis of rotation. The disadvantage of these types of gears is that they are a little noisy at kickoff speeds and this reduces to a minimum at higher(prenominal) speeds. 7Fig. 2 Spur Gear 9Rack and pinion gears This type of gears consists of a rack more same a spurring gear wit h infinite radius of curvature and a pinion gear which keeps on rotating over the rack. These types of gears are mainly used to vary circular motion into linear motion. Trains run on railway tracks based on this principle.Racks GearsFig. 3 Rack and Pinion Gear 9Helical gears Helical gears are almost similar to the spur gears. The difference is that the teeths are in a helicoids shape and are not parallel to the axis of rotation. 7 It is less(prenominal) noisy than the spur gears and is widely used in industries. 7 Double helical gears are withal used which has helical gears kept inversely on both sides.Helical GearsFig. 4 Helical Gear 9Worm gears These are the type of gears that consists of a concave teeth profile and this teeth is usually engaged to helical gears. It is used where power is to be transferred at 90 degrees. here(predicate) sliding motion is caused rather than helical motion. 7 Heavy lubricators with good film thickness is used to observe contact of the metals b ecause since the teeth is small there is a chance in breakage of the teeth causing higher maintenance of the gears.Worm GearsFig. 5 Worm Gears 9 bank gears These types of gears have conical shaped teeths. It is mainly used to connect shafts to intersecting lines. The angle mingled with 2 bevel gears can be amid 0 to 180 degrees depending upon the purpose. Bevel gears with equal number of teeths and shafts at 90 degrees are called miter gears. Spiral bevel gears withal known as hypoid gears are used in automobiles. These gears leave behind always have shafts at 90 degrees.Bevel GearsFig. 6 Bevel Gears 9Epicyclic gears Here 2 or more external gears move inside an internal gear as shown in Fig. 8. These types of gears are mainly used in mechanical differentials.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnplRNuhlKzzM8lMhttp//www.monarchbearing.com/images/planetary-gears.gifFig. 7 Epicyclic Gears 9In all the types of gears above due to their contact with each former(a)(a) a frictional force is created in the midst of them and due to these frictional forces it can cause wear to the gears. Here the tribological factors come into play and reduce the life cycle of the gears. This can alike cause the tooth of the gears to break. So lubricants have to be used to an extent to improve the life of the gears and materials have to be used according to the kind of environment in which the gears are to be used.Materials used for making GearsGears can be made from a wide variety of materials such as wood to high steel alloys depending on the requirements. Gears in different mechanical machines needs different materials to overcome the surround obstacles, for longer life of the equipment and the machine and also to reduce the terms. Due to these the design of gears leave alone always depend on the accuracy level needed for the gears, debauch to be applied on the gears, speeds to which the gears will rotate, the noise limitations and the material to be used. So the cost of the gear will always depend on these factors. 2 So while selecting materials we should consider the tribological factors that would affect the gear while its operation likeAllowable bending and Hertz stress because as the bending stress is low there is a chance for the gear to astound bend at higher temperatures.Wear shelter as the gears and gear tooths should not get weared at higher speed of rotation of the gears.Impact strength as the gears should not break when it is engaged with higher force with another gear.Water and corrosion oppositeness to resist against corrosion due to lubricant action.Manufacturing cost to make the gears profi remitSize and weight so that the gears can be used in all machinesLubricant requirements to see that costly lubricants are not required to maintain the gears.Dimensionally stable and reliable.Stress free structure 3Depending upon these factors, different materials are used and the expand about properties of the materials and the conditions on which th ese materials are used are given belowPlastics In the past, gears were made of wood or phenolic-resin impregnated cloth and as years passed by more light weight, low cost gears were required. With the invention of new polymers in plastics it gave more opportunities for the preparation of light weight, low cost gears. For this the most common plastics used today are ethanoate and nylon resins. This plastic gear reduces the cost of the gears when produced at large quantities and also is sometimes mixed with metals for longer and quieter operation of the gears. But since these acetate and nylon resins gears are limited to certain conditions such as strength, temperature resistance and accuracy it was required to make a different polymer for the preparation of the gears and a different polymer called polymeric amide was developed. This polyamide molded gears could resist higher temperatures and could be used in certain situations in place of metal gears to overcome the tribological fac tors but due to its higher cost for production its still not used in all situations. 2Non-ferrous alloys Titanium is also another material that can be combined with other metals to form a gear. Also the die cast materials like zinc, aluminium, brass, bronze are also used for gears due to its high corrosion property, high strength, less machining. These non ferrous alloys can be used for making gears because it can overcome most of the tribological factors. But these metals cannot be produced at large quantities due to its high cost of production. 2Cast iron Cast iron is used for the preparation of gears because of its low cost, machinability and dampen mechanical properties. on that point are 3 types of cast irons differentiate basically depending on the structure of graphite in these irons. These are gray iron, malleable iron and ductile iron. Out of these the malleable and ductile irons have good shock resisting property and are mostly used in most of the gears by mixing it wit h other metals so that the gear made from this will be able to overcome most of the external factors affecting tribology. 2Sintered Powder Metals These metals are used where high production is required with low cost. The work is simple where powder is put into the suitable high pressure die. A wide variety of selections of powders are operable in this section of powdered metals. This mould powder is also widely used in automotive industries by hot forming process which was recently developed to improve the mechanical properties of gears and resist against the personal put togethers of tribology. 2Hardened steels This is one the most comm however used material in all industries for the manufacture of gears. These types of materials are used based on the factors like load, time period for which the material will work, lubricants to be used and the surrounding conditions that affect tribology such as temperature, pressure and humidity. When the gears are to be run at moderate tempe rature a low alloy material will be used for the production of gear and if the work load on the gear is to be high a high alloy material will be used after cutting carburizing or case nitriding to change magnitude the fatigue strength. Of the 2 processes the case carburizing will have more distortion than the case nitriding process and would require an additional grinding process that would cause an increase in the cost of the gears. 2 stain alloy is mostly used for the production gears more than normal steels.The materials used for gear preparation are an important factor for the preparation of gears as the working, the life of the gear, strength of the gear will all depend on the material. The material chosen must also be able to withstand the friction, wear and lubrication and have to be overcome to have long lasting and strong gears. If go down material is not chosen according to the criteria the machine can be of a complete failure and may not work properly. While selecting the materials the following factors have to be consideredSurface of the gearsThe surface of gear has an important part in the life cycle of the gear as it must be able to withstand friction, wear and it must be able to properly engage with other gears and provide the required power to the required output shaft. For gears the surface food grain which is defined as the combinations of imperfections on a surface 11 must be brush upen and the gap between two teeths must be of proper size so the the 2 teeths are engaged conformly to each other. Eventhough gears now produced are with poor geometrical perfection or quality of surface texture companies is trying hard to produce gears with reduced surface texture by processes such as honing, lapping and super finishing methods.This is the opposite force caused when one body moves tangentially over another. The force can cause heat between the surface and can lead to the wear of the parts. The quality of the material used and the surfac e roughness decides the amount of friction that would occur on the surface of gears and this inturn decides the information of wear that would occur on gears.The different types of wears that occurs on the surface of gears are given belowAdhesive wear This type of wear occurs on the tooth surface and is very difficult to find. Here the surface of the tooth gets a quashed look due to the long running of the gears. A moderate adhesive wear can also be caused on the gear surface due to variable load of on the gear at different times. 15 The moderate adhesive wear will appear bright and can be seen with the naked eye 9as shown in fig. 11).Untitled3.jpgFig. 9 Moderate Adhesive Wear 15Fig. 8 Adhesive wears 15Abrasive wear This type of wear occurs on gear surfaces when fine or severe dust particles are present in the lubricant used to reduce friction between the engaging gear surfaces. This type of wear is mainly seen in machines used at cement factories, road laying machines, mining mac hineries etc. The abrasives can cause the surface texture of the gear to change which in turn causes the application of more lubricant to the surface for the smooth running of the machine. 15 The abrasives in the lubricant can be of 2 types and cause wear to the gear in 2 methods which are classified as mild abrasion and severe abrasion.balmy Abrasion This type of wear is caused when mild or fine particles are present in the lubricant and this causes wear on the surface of the gear. This cause only small marks on the surface of the gear and wear increases in the longer run of the gears. 15Severe Abrasion This type of wear is caused when large particles are present in the lubricant. It causes a larger wear in the gear and also can cause the breakdown in the machine. 15Corrosive Abrasion This type of abrasion is caused when the chemicals in Lubricating anele reacts with the surface. 15Conformity It is defined as the degree of agreement between the surfaces.1 The degree of conformity must be maximum for gears to simply engage and run for a longer period of time. Initial wear can increase the conformity between the gears. If the right amount of lubricant is added during the sign wear period the initial wear will stop by itself and increase the conformity between the gears. High conformity is found mostly between 2 flat surfaces. The lowest conformity is found between a flat surface and a ball.1Surface Texture It is surface condition that depends on the material of manufacture, the way in which the material was processed, the lubricant used on the surface and the type of wear that occurs on the surface. Surface texture is an important factor for gears movement of the gears and the degree at which the gears touch each other depends on this property. Below the figure shows the terms that are used for defining the surface textureUntitled 2.jpgFig. 10 Terms used for Surface Texture 3The irregularities in the surface of gears must be reduced to minimum while making a gear so that the thin film lubricant can run smoothly between gears and reduce the tribological factors between the gears. The surface finish should be smooth and must be free from sharp irregularities to increase the fatigue strength of the gear and this should be maintained throughout the gears to have a quieter operation. 3 The surface of the gear which is to be in contact with the other gear has to be of higher strength so the tooth dont get weared out easily. The precision of the gears structure should be considered for long lasting of the gears. The surface of the gears can be improved using methods like polishing, heat treatment methods,Lubrication for smoother operation of gearsLubricants are a viscous still applied between 2 gears for reducing the heat generated between them and to lubricate the teeth to reduce the friction between the gears. The selections of lubricant have to be correct to in order to provide high efficiency, good reliability, low maintenance and long l ife for the gears. 4 Generally the gear operates in 3 modes of lubrication mainly boundary, mixed, teeming film and hydrodynamic lubrication. The boundary condition is attained when the gear is started or stopped. With increase in relational motion the mixed lubrication condition is obtained and with further increase in speed the gear is say to run at full film lubrication.3 If there is a lubricant between the 2 contact surfaces and it is sufficient to cling to the gears from contact then the lubrication is called as hydrodynamic lubrication. 1 The lubricant differs from the normal liquid by the property of viscosity. Viscosity is defined as the measure of the fluids resistance to flow. 13 Since gears would be under high pressure and sliding it would require a medium to high grade lubricant. As the viscosity of lubricant increases the lubricant is said to be more reliable for the gears. A gear lubricant is said to have the below factors for obtaining a good performance from the gearthermal and oxidative stabilitythermal durabilitycompatibility with seal materialsprotection against excessive gear and bearing wearhigh-temperature extreme pressure protectiongear and bearing cleanlinessemulsibility characteristics eat up and corrosion protection, especially to yellow metal componentsantifoaming characteristics 5The major tribological factors of the lubricant areViscosity It is a property of the lubricant for providing the lubrication affect to the engaging gears. The viscosity of the lubricant can protect the gear from friction. Higher the viscosity greater the protection to the gears.Additives It is a chemical substance added to oil to increase the property of oil and protect the gear against wear. Additives can protect the gear from wear and overheating. Better the additives greater will be the protection for the gear.Contamination It is the addition of an external component in the lubricant that could reduce the property of the lubricant. This is a disadvan tage for gears. If the contaminated substance is large it can cause a breakdown to the gears.Degradation It is the wearing out of some parts of the gear due to chemical reactions. This is also a disadvantage to the gears. More the degradation more the chance for the tooth to break off.The below table explains the factors affecting selection of industrial gear lubricantsFactorRequirementGearing TypeSpur and bevelHelical and spiral bevelHypoidWorm humiliated slide, low speedModerate slide, moderate to high loadingHigh slide, high loading otioseive sliding,moderate to high loadingLoadingHigh blind drunk industrial gear engenders requires the use of extreme gear pressure gear lubricants.Surface finishRougher surfaces requires high viscosity oilsSmoother surfaces can use low viscosity oilsTransmitted powerAs load is increased viscosity must be increased.Gear speedThe higher the speed of the gear drive the lighter the viscosity needs to beMaterials compatibilitySome types of extreme pre ssure additives can attack yellow metals like brass and bronzeTemperatureThe industrial gear lubricants viscosity must be selected based on the lowest and highest operating temperature.Table 1 Factors affecting selection of gear lubricant 6Types of gear lubricantsThere are lots of oil used as lubricant for gears to reduce wear,to protect against corrosion, to protect the gear against oxidation and to prevent the formation of foam between the 2 gears. 12Inhibited oil This is a lubricant used to prevent the corrosion and foaming between the gears. 12Extreme Pressure Oils These oils contain inhibited oils and chemically active substances and are used for modifying the friction acting between the 2 engaging gears.12Compounded oils These are oils made from steam cylinder stocks compounded with lite additives. The purpose of this oil is also to reduce friction.12Open gear compounds This lubricant consists of additives and is used for high, slow speed heavily loaded gears. This lubricant protects the gear teeth from damage.12Greases This is one of the commonly used lubricants. It consists thick soap contents. It can only be used on low speed gear surfaces.12Methods of lubricationGrease Lubrication This type of lubrication is used at gears with0 to 6 m/s tangential speed. It can be applied on all types of gears operating at low speeds. Excess of this lubricant can lead power loss and viscous drag.5Splash Lubrication This type of lubrication is applied to gears with speed of 4 to 15 m/s tangential speed. Here the lubrication is done by running the gear through an oil bath. The lubricant is effective only from 3 m/s speed of the gear and the oil should be prevented from mixing with some other liquid or particles which could cause a damage to the gear teeth.5Spray Lubrication This type of lubrication is applied to gears with more 12m/s of tangential operating speed. Here the oil for lubrication is sprayed through a nozzle. The nozzle should be engineered properly as the re is a chance for the oil to get deflected out of path of flow by centrifugal force or by the air that is flowing out. 5Lubricants can protect the gears from the tribological factors such as friction and wear. We know what are the types of lubricants to be used, their applications and the types of lubrication processes. It is important that we select the right amount and quality of lubricants for the gears so that they have a longer life and dont get weared out easily. Engineers are still now researching to find the best lubricant for gears so that defects in gears like scoring, scuffing, pitting doesnt occur at all for gears. The gear noise is also prevented to an extend by lubrication.Operating Conditions for GearsOperating conditions are important tribological factors for gears as this will determine the lubricant to be used, the material to be selected for making gears. The operating conditions of gears are determined by the factors like load applied on the gear, the speed at w hich the gear is about to rotate,relative motion between the gears, environmental condition, the product of pressure and velocity acting on the gears and the temperature on which the gear is about to work. These operating conditions which are to be considered for operation of gear are applied belowLoad Load is the determining factor for the strength of a gear which determines the material to be used for the gear production, the amount of rubbing that would occur between the gear surfaces, the whole network of surface stresses that would occur in the contact zone of the gear surfaces and the coefficient of friction that would occur between the gears. The load also influences the behaviour of a lubricant or the abrasive particles present in the lubricant which would cause an impact on the gear tooth directly. The other bailiwick where the load influence is known is at the bonding between the gears that is directly dependent on the degradation of the surface films, increase in contact sphere and on temperature. In fact loading has a major impact on the change, age and wear characteristics of the materials. The schematic diagram of the influence of load on the operation of gear is given in the fig. 11.the figure explains the stresses produced due to load applied and the effects of these substances on the element.So in order to keep the gear in good condition and free from wear the following points have to be taken into accountTo keep the gears in good condition progressive loading of gears is a best way.Decrease in load variation as it would reduce the rise of cavitation in the gearsDecreasing fatigue loading in gears to prevent surface fatigue wear.14Speed Speed of gear is an important factor as it varies from one mechanical component to another and is an important factor for the working of the machine. The parameter of the gears that are greatly influenced by the speed of gears are Temperature Temperature is a factor which is greatly influenced by the speed of the gear. As the speed of the gears increases the temperature between the gears also increases leading to more heat dissipation. Inorder to maintain the temperature between the gears we have to consider a good coolant and a good heat conducting surrounding medium.Friction coefficient The effect of speed on the friction coefficient comes into play especially in a lubricated circumstance, where this factor determines the hydrodynamic load carrying capacity. At very low speed of the gears there is a chance for the stick-slip phenomenon due to the fluctuation in friction coefficient. 14LoadNormal StressesTangential StressesElastic and plastic deformationDegradation of surface filmsChemical and metallurgical bonds (adhesion)Thickness of films Viscosity LubricantCoefficient of frictionFig.11 Schematic flow chart showing the influence of load 15Relative motion The relative motion involves motions like sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. These motion can decrease the performance of th e gear and also can cause wear in the gear. The use of correct material, lubricant and designing the gear correctly can increase the performance of the gear and also give longer life to the gear. 1Environment Environment can cause a decrease in performance of the gear. This is caused by the contamination of the lubricant and also due to the chemical reaction of the lubricant with the gear metals. 1 growth (PxV) Here the quantity of heat generated by friction is calculated from the energy at the contact which is given by the equation E = QVf (where Q = load applied to the contact, V = displacement velocity, f = friction coefficient). Here the term PxV is used as a reference to estimate the limiting conditions for materials such as polymers, square lubricants, self lubricating sintered materials etc. This in turn can be used as a basis for the selection and comparison of materials. Thus we are able to know the maximum PxV for certain materials and us them for the production of gears. 14Temperature Temperature has a major effect on the contact zone of the 2 surfaces of a gear. The temperature increase in the tooth of the gear can cause geometric distortion or loss of clearance in the tooth. It can also cause an increase in the coefficient of friction and wear to the gear. Temperature can also cause deterioration in the mechanical properties of the materials and change the properties of the lubricants. An increase in the interfacial bonds is also caused which lead to a chemical reaction between the materials. 14Conclusion Thus the audit of gears using the tribological factors such as material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions was conducted. It is found that gears are useful in most of the mechanical applications and also have a lot of properties that are to be taken care of while the operation of the gear. In todays world, a lot of materials are available for the manufacture of gears. These materials can only be used in different conditions and have their own advantages and disadvantages. So in future a much modern material with zero wearing property and that provides longer life to the gears have to be developed. In the case of surfaces of gears smooth finished gears are already been produced these days. A surface with normal surface texture and conformity will provide smoother running of gears in future. A lots of lubricants are available in todays world. In future a more advanced lubricant can be developed that can reduce wearing of gears completely and also help to increase the performance of gears to the fullest. All gears today are developed for performing at a particular load and temperature above which the gear can get damaged. So in future gears have to be developed that can operate at maximum temperature and load so that wear of gears due to these characteristics can be reduced to minimum.